分别剪去豇豆幼苗1/2片子叶、1片子叶、2×1/2片子叶、1+1/2片子叶、2片子叶,以不剪子叶为对照,研究子叶损伤对豇豆生长发育的影响。结果显示:处理后,植株生育期推迟,真叶变短,始花节位数下降,茎变细,豆荚变短增粗,产量降低10%以上,无论春季还是秋季,子叶损失率与产量都有极显著的直线回归关系。

Oaks germinate asynchronously under natural conditions and the difference between first and last germinating acorns can be up to a few weeks. In addition, acorns of the subgenus Erythrobalanus usually exhibit delayed germination. The epicotyls germinate 20 days later than the roots. Thick tap roots of Quercus aliena seed grow down several centimeters into the soil instead of a green shoot in the fall. These characters of acorns negatively affect the quality of seedlings. In the past several decades, some feasible practices and associated mechanisms have been published for some oak species in Europe, North America and Asia. And the researches advanced that removing pericarp or cutting parts of cotyledons increased germination percentage and accelerated germination. Although, the previous studies dealt with acorn germination and seedling emergence, the root and seedling development were little understood, especially root development. To solve the problems of delayed and irregular germination of Q. fabri seeds, acorns were mechanically treated in five ways: CK (without any mechanical treatment), cup scar removal (RS), pericarp removal (RP), pericarp removal and half cotyledon cutting (RHC), pericarp removal and 2/3 cotyledon cutting (RPC). Treated acorns were placed onto petri dishes (11.5 cm diameter) with filter paper moistened by distilled water under 25 ℃ and 8 hours light. As acorns germinated (when the length of radicle was longer than acorn length), root and shoot emergence were investigated every seven days. The length of all roots and shoots were measured at the end of the experiment (137 days). Germination percentage, vigor index, mean germination time and synchronization index of roots and shoots were calculated to probe delay and irregular germination of Q. fabri seeds. The results showed that: (1) The mean root germination time of RP and RHC were respectively 39 d and 36 d shorter, while the mean shoot mean germination time of the two treatments were 52 d and 51 d shorter than that of CK, respectively. The root synchronization indices of RP and RHC were respectively 0.3 and 0.2 higher, and the shoot synchronization indices of the two treatments were all 0.4 greater than that of CK. RP and RHC significantly increased rooting percentage (both 57.8% higher) and sprouting percentage (both 33.3% higher). RP improved root length (3.0 cm longer). (2) Compared with CK, RP and RPC treatments significantly decreased mean root and shoot germination time of Q. fabri seeds by 36 d and 50 d, respectively. Both treatments significantly increased root and shoot synchronization indices by 0.2 and 0.4, and rooting percentage by 26.7% over CK. However, the srpouting percentage, root length and shoot height had no significant difference from those of CK. (3) RS significantly reduced the mean root and shoot germination time by 16 d and 21 d, respectively, compared with CK. No significant differences were detected in root and shoot synchronization indices, rooting and sprouting percentage, root length and shoot height between RS and CK treatments. Therefore, RP and RHC treatments effectively accelerated germination and regulated seedling growth, which had an important actual significance in Q. fabri seedling growing.

为有效解决白栎( Quercus fabri Hance)种子延迟萌发和出苗不整齐的问题, 研究了不同机械处理(对照、去碗疤、去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶、去皮及切除2/3子叶)对白栎种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明: (1)去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶处理的种子根的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短39 d和36 d, 芽的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短52 d和51 d, 根的萌发整齐性指数分别显著提高0.3和0.2, 芽的萌发整齐性指数均显著提高0.4, 2个处理显著增加了白栎种子出根率(平均增加57.8%)与萌芽率(平均增加33.3%), 去皮处理促进了根的生长(增加3.0 cm); (2)去皮及切除2/3子叶处理显著缩短了白栎种子根和芽的平均萌发时间(分别缩短36 d和50 d), 提高了萌发整齐性指数(分别提高0.2和0.4)和生根率(均增加26.7%), 但萌芽率、根长和苗高均与对照无显著差异; (3)去碗疤处理显著降低了白栎种子根和芽的平均发芽时间(分别缩短16 d和21 d), 但萌发整齐性指数、出根率、萌芽率、根长和苗高均没有显著变化。因此, 去皮和去皮及切除1/2子叶处理效果较好, 能有效促进白栎种子萌发和整齐性出苗, 对白栎的育苗工作有重要的实践意义。

摘　要： 【目的】研究苦豆子种子浸出液对高羊茅种子及幼苗的化感作用。【方法】以苦豆子种子浸出液为处理液，对高羊茅种子进行处理，测定种子发芽势、发芽率、幼苗和根系生长情况。【结果】苦豆子种子浸提液浓度对高羊茅种子的萌发有一定的抑止作用。并且随着浓度的增加，抑止作用增强；高羊茅苗期的株高、根系长随着苦豆子种子浸提液浓度的增加也呈现出逐渐降低的变化趋势；苦豆子种子浸提液浓度为0.05 g/mL时对高羊茅幼苗的高度与生长速度影响最为显著，且主要表现为对根的伸长的抑制。【结论】为伊犁河谷地区草原生态系统中苦豆子种群与禾本科植物种间关系研究奠定基础。

为全面、深入研究和科学利用苦豆子资源，综述了苦豆子分布区及生境特点、生物学特性和生理特性、种群更新机制、繁殖扩散机理、化学成分、药用价值、饲料加工和其他资源化利用途径等方面的研究进展，展望了苦豆子在生态学领域未来研究发展的方向及需要注意的关键问题。

摘　要： 苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides L．）种子体积大，千粒重达21．6g。种皮较厚，制约了种子的萌发，采用浓硫酸浸种和机械磨损破坏种皮明显提高了萌发率。种子散布主要依靠自身重力，其散布格局是聚集型散布，多分布在母株周围，为该区域的种子库提供较多的种质资源。此外，还有动物散布和水力作用的散布，使种子能传播较远的距离，同时种子被采食后，通过消化道的磨损使种皮的通透性提高，促进了种子的萌发。

[目的]研究植物生殖构件的表型可塑性与分株物质生产和分配的内 在联系及其变化规律.[方法]采用大样本取样,对伊犁河谷湿地苦豆子种群生殖构件进行系统性分析.[结果]在籽实完熟期,苦豆子种群单个生殖分株的生物量 为(31.78±17.23)g,豆荚生物量和豆荚数分别为(4.37±2.55)g和(47.30±24.49)个；种子生物量和种子数分别为 (3.08±2.13)g和(121.30±92.83)粒；生殖分配1和生殖分配2分别为(14.87％±6.34％)和 (10.23％±5.04％).各生殖构件表型观测数据最大值比最小值高6.1～12.9倍.苦豆子种群生殖分株同时具有同速和异速2种不同增减过程的表 型可塑性调节.[结论]研究结果将对有效控制草原和农田生态系统中伊犁苦豆子的生态危害提供理论基础,同时也为苦豆子资源的合理开发和利用提供了一定的理 论依据.

Effects of NaCl and NaNO 3 solutions as well as three soil types and sowing depth on seed germination of Sophora alopecuroides L.were measured.Results showed that seed germination rates,germination index as well as radicle and hypocotyl development decreased as the concentration of salt increased.The low concentration of NaCl and NaNO 3 (25~150 mmol·L -1 ) insignificantly inhibited seed germination,whereas the high concentration of NaCl and NaNO 3 (200 mmol·L -1 ) significantly did.The higher concentration of salt applied to seeds,the higher germination rates the seed had after terminating salt stress.In addition,seedlings grew very well in sandy soil when the seeds were sowed under 1~3 cm depth,whereas the seedlings could not emerge when sowing depth was 7 cm or more under tested soil types.Seeds had the highest germination rate when sown in sandy soil compared with those sown in chernozem and chestnut soil under the same sowing depth.

用NaCl和NaNO 3 处理苦豆子( Sophora alopecuroides L.)种子,以不同土壤类型和不同深度播种研究其萌发率、萌发指数、相对盐害率、胚根和胚轴生长及解除胁迫后生理指标的变化。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加,苦豆子种子的萌发率、萌发指数、胚根、胚轴生长均呈下降趋势。低浓度NaCl和NaNO 3 (25～150 mmol·L -1 )对种子萌发抑制作用不明显;高浓度的NaCl和NaNO 3 (>200 mmol·L -1 )显著抑制种子萌发。盐胁迫解除后,萌发率随着原盐胁迫浓度的增加呈升高趋势。不同播种深度及土壤类型以1～3 cm沙土中生长较好,黑钙土、栗钙土次之,大于等于7 cm时则抑制其出苗。在同一深度条件下,出苗率表现为沙土>黑钙土>栗钙土。

The effects of illumination,temperature,soil water and salt contents on the seed germination and seeding growth of Sophora alopecuroides L.was studied.The results show that the optimal tem-perature for seed germination was 25℃ under sustained illumination,sustained dark,or 16 h illumination/8 h dark.;the highest germination rate was occurred for the treatments of 25℃(daytime)/16℃(night) under 16 h illumination/8 h dark.The seed germination and seeding growth were not sensitive to the illumination.The optimal soil water content was 8~13% and the highest NaCl tolerance concentration was 1.2%for seed germination.

研究光照、温度、水分和土壤盐分等因子对苦豆子( Sophora alopecuroides L.)种子萌发的影响。结果表明:在持续光照、持续黑暗和16 h光照/8 h黑暗下种子萌发最适宜的温度为25℃;在16~8 h光暗交替下,25℃/16℃昼夜变温发芽率最高;种子萌发对光照不敏感;种子萌发最适土壤含水量为8%~13%;种子发芽期对NaCl的耐受浓度为1.2%。

试验研究了不同浓度的氯化钠对光果甘草(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)和苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)种子萌发的影响进行了研究.研究结果表明:在不同浓度的NaCl条件下,光果甘草和苦豆子种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和胚根胚芽生长 长度均随着盐浓度的增加而下降.但在1.8％浓度时,光果甘草种子仍能保持60％以上的发芽率,而苦豆子种子发芽率只有4.8％.光果甘草种子发芽的最适 盐浓度为1.6％,临界浓度为1.9％,极限浓度为2.4％.而苦豆子种子发芽的最适盐浓度为0.9％,临界盐浓度为1.2％,极限盐浓度为1.9％.光 果甘草种子的发芽指数、活力指数和盐害指数迅速下降的浓度都比苦豆子高,而盐害率比苦豆子低很多.盐浓度提高到1.9％时,光果甘草种子的盐害率只有 40.06％,而苦豆子的为100％,由此可看出,光果甘草的抗盐能力非常强,能适应含NaCl盐量高达1.8％的恶劣的生态环境.而苦豆子的抗盐能力相 对较弱,只能适应含盐量为1.2％的土壤条件.对胚根胚芽生长来讲,在低浓度时NaCl盐对胚根胚芽生长的影响较小,浓度升高到1.2％以上,胚根胚芽生 长受到严重影响,其中胚根生长受到影响较大.

苦豆子是宁夏中部荒漠沙化区重要的防风固沙植物,豆荚螟是危害苦豆子种子的主要害虫.利用频次分布指标、6种聚集指标以及m*-m回归、Taylor幂法则研究了苦豆子种子害虫豆荚螟幼虫的空间分布格局.结果表明,苦豆子种子害虫的分布趋向于均匀分布.Iwao的回归方程m* =0.08513 +0.87461 m(r =0.9694),表明害虫种群空间分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引.Taylor幂法则回归方程lgS2=-0.02854+0.90897lgm(r=0.9915),显示苦豆子种子害虫个体的空间格局随着苦豆子密度的提高趋于均匀分布.聚集原因分析(λ＜2)表明害虫聚集主要是由于苦豆子植株生长状况及环境条件所致.并用Iwao最适理论抽样模型计算出了不同密度下所需的最适抽样数.

Cotyledons of cucumber seedlings were removed at different frequencies and rates, and the leaf area was determined by using the Accumulated Product of Thermal Effectiveness and PAR method(TEP) to analyze the growth of the cucumber seedlings. A two-factor randomized block design was arranged with 4 treatments, 40 plants each treatment, and 3 replications. The results showed that cotyledon injury had higher significant impact to the leaves than to the other organs, of which the impact to the leaf area was less significant than to the leaf accumulative dry matter content. The leaf area increased in an exponential pattern with the accumulation of TEP. Cotyledon damaged area at the expansion stage showed a positive linear relation with a decrease in leaf area, and the seedling reduced its dependence on cotyledon after it developed into a stage of one leaf and one bud, indicating the seedling had a capability to revigorate its growth by its own at this stage.

采用双因素随机区组设计试验，在不同时期用子叶切除和累积辐热积的方法，研究黄瓜子叶对幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，子叶损伤对叶片生长的影响大于对其他器官的影响，其中对叶面积的影响小于对叶片干物质积累的影响。以辐热积为生长驱动因子的叶面积增长呈指数形式增长，子叶展平期子叶损伤面积与叶面积的减少呈直线正相关关系，而一叶一心期后植株对子叶的依赖程度减小，具备了一定的恢复能力。