宁夏荒漠草原自然恢复演替过程中土壤有机碳及其分布的变化

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许冬梅, 许新忠, 王国会, 陶利波. 宁夏荒漠草原自然恢复演替过程中土壤有机碳及其分布的变化.草业学报, 2015,26(8): 35-42
XU Dong-Mei, XU Xin-Zhong, WANG Guo-Hui, TAO Li-Bo. Variations in soil organic carbon content and distribution during natural restoration succession on the desert steppe in Ningxia.ACTA PRATACULTUAE SINICA, 2015,26(8): 35-42 复制到剪切板

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宁夏荒漠草原自然恢复演替过程中土壤有机碳及其分布的变化

许冬梅^1,^2,^*, 许新忠³, 王国会¹, 陶利波¹

1.宁夏大学农学院,宁夏银川 750021

2.宁夏大学西北土地退化与生态恢复国家重点实验室培育基地,宁夏银川 750021

3.宁夏大学数学计算机学院,宁夏银川 750021

*通信作者Corresponding author.

作者简介:许冬梅(1970-),女,宁夏中卫人,教授,博士。E-mail:nxxudongmei@163.com

收稿日期: 2016-11-22

基金: 国家自然科学基金(31460624)和宁夏大学草学一流学科建设项目资助

摘要

以宁夏荒漠草原自然恢复的围封草地为对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了未封育、封育3、5、7和10年的草地总有机碳及其在土壤剖面和不同粒级团聚体中的分布。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随封育年限的增加呈波动性增加,除0~5 cm土层外,各土层有机碳含量以封育7年、10年的草地较高;就有机碳在不同粒径团聚体中的分布看,0~10 cm表层土壤以封育3年及未封育草地各粒级团聚体有机碳含量较高,而10~40 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳随封育年限的延长呈增加趋势,各土层团聚体有机碳含量均以1~0.5 mm与0.5~0.25 mm粒级较高;各粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率在0~10 cm表层以<0.25 mm微团聚体最高,10~20 cm土层以>5 mm粒级和<0.25 mm粒级较高,20~40 cm土层以>5 mm粒级最高。综上所述,封育有利于荒漠草原土壤有机碳的固存,退化荒漠草原生态环境恢复在封育7年时出现转折;随土层的加深,团聚体有机碳贡献率对封育的响应减弱,且大团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率逐渐增大。

关键词: 荒漠草原; 恢复演替; 土壤有机碳; 分布

doi: 10.11686/cyxb2016440

Variations in soil organic carbon content and distribution during natural restoration succession on the desert steppe in Ningxia

XU Dong-Mei^1,^2,^*, XU Xin-Zhong³, WANG Guo-Hui¹, TAO Li-Bo¹

1.College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

2.Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Yinchuan 750021, China

3.College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Abstract

Fencing (enclosure) is one of the strategies used to promote the natural restoration of ecological communities on the desert steppe in Ningxia. To explore the effects of enclosure on soil organic carbon and its distribution, field studies were conducted at sites with 3, 5, 7, and 10 years of enclosure. Soil samples were collected to determine the total organic carbon concentration and its distribution at different soil depths and in soil aggregates. The results showed that the soil organic carbon concentrations were higher in 7-year and 10-year enclosed grasslands than in those enclosed for shorter times, except at 0-5 cm depth. The concentrations of soil organic carbon were lower in the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil layers than in the 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers. The soil organic carbon concentrations in soil aggregate particles at 0-10 cm depth were highest in the 3-year enclosed grassland, while those at 10-40 cm depth increased with longer enclosure times. The maximum soil organic carbon contents were in aggregates with 1-0.5 mm and 0.5-0.25 mm diameters. Aggregates of <0.25 mm, >5 mm or <0.25 mm, and >5 mm made the largest contributions to soil organic carbon content at 0-10 cm depth, 10-20 cm depth and 20-40 cm depth, respectively. The contribution of aggregates to soil organic carbon content decreased with increasing enclosure times. As the soil depth increased, the contribution of aggregates to soil organic carbon content decreased, but the contributions of macroaggregates to soil organic carbon content increased. In conclusion, enclosure was beneficial for carbon sequestration. The restoration of the ecosystem on the degraded desert steppe appeared to undergo a transition at the 7th year of enclosure.

Keyword: desert steppe; restoration succession; soil organic carbon; distribution

Show Figures

土壤圈是陆地生态系统中储量最大的碳库, 土壤碳储量约是大气碳储量的2倍、植被碳储量的2~3倍^{[1, 2]}。土壤有机碳作为土壤组成的重要部分, 不仅是表征土壤质量的重要生态因子, 而且是陆地生态系统重要的碳库, 是大气CO₂巨大的源和汇, 影响全球碳素循环的平衡^{[3, 4]}。

草地是陆地生态系统的重要组分, 也是当前人类活动影响最为严重的区域之一, 由人类强烈扰动引起的草地植被和土壤退化导致温室气体的释放^[5]。在退化生态系统中, 通过采用恢复措施改善土壤质量、增加土壤有机碳含量、提高生物量生产以缓解温室效应是可行的^{[6, 7, 8]}。封育可以促进草地土壤有机碳的恢复和积累^{[9, 10, 11]}, 退化草地围封后, 土壤有机碳、全氮储量增加, 土壤轻组有机碳、微生物量碳含量也有所提高, 土壤质量得到改善^{[12, 13, 14]}。干旱沙区草地恢复过程中, 有机碳储量增加程度随深度增加有降低趋势, 并且表层土壤有机碳储量远高于深层土壤, 土壤有机碳储量表聚性随固沙植被演变越发明显^[8]。

团聚体作为土壤理化性质的中心调节器, 影响有机碳的化学和生物化学固定, 土壤的固碳功能伴随着土壤团聚体的形成、稳定及更新过程^{[15, 16]}。不同管理措施对土壤固碳的影响主要是通过对土壤微团聚体更新与转化的改变, 从而使有机碳的保护机制发生变化所致^[17]。Maria等^[18]研究表明, < 53 μ m粒径中颗粒有机碳和总有机碳含量是反映短期草地管理措施变化的敏感指标。不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳分布及大团聚体有机碳的稳定性影响较为明显^[19]。草地植被恢复提高了土壤团聚体有机碳含量, 不同粒径团聚体有机碳组分对团聚体稳定性的贡献不同, 5~2 mm和1~0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量的提高有助于土壤水稳性团聚体的形成^[20]。

宁夏是我国“ 两屏三带” 生态安全体系建设的关键区域, 天然草地占国土总面积的47.2%, 其中, 荒漠草原占全区草地总面积的55%, 是重要的碳储库。草地是天然的生态屏障, 也是重要的自然资源, 对促进区域经济发展, 维护区域乃至国家生态安全具有重要的战略地位。然而, 由于长期以来人为的不合理利用及传统落后的生产方式和不相协调的发展模式, 使得草原生态环境日益恶化。随着国家退耕还林还草、天然草地保护等项目工程的启动, 宁夏于2003年全面实施了退耕还草、草地围封禁牧和休牧, 给草场提供了休养生息的机会, 部分草地生态环境得到改善^[21]。本研究针对不同封育年限荒漠草原, 研究土壤总有机碳在土壤剖面和不同粒径团聚体中的分布, 分析土壤有机碳库及其稳定性随植被恢复的动态变化及土壤结构与有机碳物理保护作用的关系, 为正确认识和评估封育措施对草地碳循环的影响提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

研究区设在宁夏东部风沙区盐池县, 属短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)和牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)为建群种的荒漠草原, 在宁夏荒漠草原区具有代表性。该区地处毛乌素沙地南缘, 北纬37° 52'30″-37° 57'30″, 东经107° 26'15″-107° 33'45″; 海拔1300~1360 m; 年均温7.5 ℃; 年均降水量280 mm, 降水年际变率大, 其中60%以上集中在6-9月; 年蒸发量2710 mm; 土壤为灰钙土, 地带性植被属荒漠草原带, 物种主要有短花针茅、牛枝子、中亚白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)等。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 样品采集采用空间梯度代替时间梯度的方法, 于2015年7月分别选取类型一致的未封育 (F₀)、封育3年 (F₃)、5年 (F₅)、7年 (F₇)、10年 (F₁₀)的荒漠草原为研究样地, 3次重复。在每个样地, 采用限定随机取样方法, 沿对角线布设5个200 m× 200 m的样区, 在每个样区内随机设置3个取样点, 在每个取样点采用多点混合法分0~5 cm、5~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层采集土样, 将同层样品混合均匀, 同时取原状土样用于土壤团聚体测定。

1.2.2 测定方法采用沙维诺夫干筛法^[22]分离出> 5 mm、5~3 mm、3~2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm、< 0.25 mm不同粒级团聚体; 土壤总有机碳及团聚体有机碳采用重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法测定; 各粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率(%)由以下公式计算:

团聚体对土壤有机碳贡献率(%)=(该粒级团聚体中有机碳含量× 该级团聚体含量/土壤总有机碳含量)× 100

1.3 数据统计分析

采用Excel 2003和SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析, 采用one-way ANOVA法和LSD法进行方差分析和多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 宁夏荒漠草原恢复演替过程中土壤有机碳剖面分布的变化

由图1可以看出, 宁夏荒漠草原0~5 cm表层土壤有机碳含量随封育年限的增加呈先下降后上升趋势, 但各封育年限草地之间有机碳含量差异不显著(P> 0.05)。5~10 cm土层有机碳含量为封育7年草地> 封育3年草地> 未封育草地> 封育10年草地> 封育5年草地, 其中, 封育7年的草地土壤有机碳含量为3.17 g/kg, 显著高于封育5年的草地(P< 0.05), 而封育7年、3年、10年的草地及未封育草地之间差异不显著(P> 0.05), 封育5年、10年、3年的草地及未封育草地之间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。10~20 cm土层有机碳含量变化为封育7年草地> 未封育草地> 封育10年草地> 封育5年草地> 封育3年草地, 变化范围为3.00~4.52 g/kg, 其中, 封育3年的草地有机碳含量显著低于封育7年的草地(P< 0.05)。20~40 cm土层有机碳含量以封育3年的草地最低, 为2.27 g/kg, 显著低于未封育及其他封育年限草地(P< 0.05), 而封育5年、7年、10年的草地及未封育草地之间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。从剖面分布看, 各封育年限草地随土层的加深变化规律不完全相同, 但总体以0~5 cm和5~10 cm表层土壤有机碳含量较低, 而10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层有机碳含量较高。

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图1 不同封育年限草地0~40 cm土层有机碳总量
同一土层不同封育年限不同字母表示差异显著(P< 0.05)。
F₀, F₃, F₅, F₇, F₁₀分别代表未封育, 封育3, 5, 7和10年的草地。
下同Fig.1 Soil organic carbon (SOC) contents at 0-40 cm depths of enclosed grassland of different years
The different letters of the same soil depth mean the significantly different at P< 0.05.
F₀, F₃, F₅, F₇, F₁₀ indicate the no-enclosed, 3-year, 5-year, 7-year, 10-year enclosed grassland, respectively.
The same below.

2.2 宁夏荒漠草原恢复演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳分布

不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量是土壤有机碳平衡的微观表征。由图2可以看出, 0~5 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳含量对封育的响应不同。> 5 mm、5~3 mm及< 0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量均以封育3年的草地最高, 封育5年的草地最低, 其中, 封育3年的草地> 5 mm团聚体有机碳含量显著高于未封育及封育5年、10年的草地, 5~3 mm与< 0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量显著高于未封育及其他封育年限的草地(P< 0.05), 而各封育年限及未封育草地之间3~2 mm与2~1 mm团聚体有机碳含量差异不显著(P> 0.05)。1~0.5 mm及0.5~0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量随封育年限的增加呈先下降后上升趋势, 均以未封育草地最高, 其中1~0.5 mm团聚体有机碳含量封育7年降至最低, 且显著低于未封育及封育3年、10年的草地; 0.5~0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量封育5年降至最低, 显著低于未封育草地(P< 0.05), 但与封育3年、7年、10年的草地之间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。

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	图2 不同封育年限草地0~40 cm土层土壤团聚体有机碳分布不同字母表示同一粒级不同封育年限差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig.2 Distribution of soil organic carbon in soil aggregates at 0-40 cm depths of enclosed grassland of different years The different letters of the same aggregate size fraction mean the significantly different at P< 0.05.

5~10 cm土层, 各封育年限及未封育草地之间> 5 mm及< 0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量差异不显著(P> 0.05); 5~3 mm、3~2 mm及1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量以封育3年的草地最高, 封育5年、7年的草地较低(P< 0.05); 2~1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量以未封育草地最高, 显著高于封育5年、10年的草地; 0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量至封育3年降至最低, 为3.05 g/kg, 显著低于未封育及封育10年的草地(P< 0.05)。

10~20 cm土层, 不同粒径团聚体有机碳含量总体为封育10年、7年及未封育草地较高, 封育3年、5年的草地较低。其中, 各封育年限及未封育草地之间5~3 mm、3~2 mm及< 0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量差异不显著(P> 0.05); 未封育和封育7年的草地> 5 mm及2~1 mm团聚体有机碳含量显著高于封育3年的草地(P< 0.05); 1~0.5 mm及0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量以封育10年的草地最高, 均显著高于封育3年的草地(P< 0.05)。

20~40 cm土层, 各粒级团聚体有机碳含量总体表现为封育5年、10年的草地较高, 封育3年、7年及未封育草地较低。封育5年、10年的草地> 5 mm、5~3 mm、 3~2 mm、2~1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于封育3年的草地, 1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于未封育及封育7年的草地, 0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于未封育及封育3年、7年的草地(P< 0.05); < 0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量以封育5年的草地最高, 显著高于封育7年的草地(P< 0.05)。

综上所述, 不同土层团聚体有机碳含量对封育的响应不同。0~5 cm与5~10 cm土层以未封育及封育3年的草地各粒级团聚体有机碳含量较高; 10~20 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳含量则以封育7年、10年的草地较高。20~40 cm土层, 各粒级团聚体有机碳含量以封育5年、10年的草地较高, 表明随封育时间的延长, 土壤有机碳趋于向深层积累。就各粒级团聚体有机碳含量差异看, 1~0.5 mm与0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量较其他粒级团聚体有机碳含量高, 尤其是0~5 cm和5~10 cm表层土壤。

2.3 不同粒级团聚体有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率

由图3可以看出, 各封育年限草地0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层均以< 0.25 mm粒级团聚体对全土有机碳贡献率最高, 且随着封育年限的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势, 其中封育10年的草地< 0.25 mm粒级团聚体对全土有机碳贡献率显著低于其他封育年限及未封育草地(P< 0.05), > 0.25 mm大团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率分别为51.87%和64.05%, 其他封育年限草地及未封育草地> 0.25 mm大团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率分别为13.73%~26.50%、22.14%~36.75%, 这主要是由于< 0.25 mm微团聚体占全土的百分含量均最高, 使得其对全土有机碳的贡献率最大, 各封育年限草地1~0.5 mm与0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量虽然较高, 但1~0.5 mm与0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体占全土百分含量较低, 因而其对全土有机碳的贡献率较低。10~20 cm土层, 各封育年限草地以> 5 mm和< 0.25 mm粒级团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率较大, 其中, < 0.25 mm微团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率随封育年限的延长呈先上升后下降趋势, 以封育3年的草地最高, 显著高于封育10年的草地(P< 0.05); 其他粒级团聚体对全土有机碳贡献率较小且各封育年限草地之间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。20~40 cm土层, 不同粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率随封育年限的延长变幅不大, 各封育年限草地均以> 5 mm粒级团聚体对全土有机碳贡献率较大, 而< 0.25 mm微团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率除封育3年的草地为37.50%外, 其他封育年限及未封育草地均低于30%, 较0~20 cm各土层显著降低。从剖面分布看, 随着土层的加深, 大团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率逐渐增大, 不同粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率对封育的响应减弱。

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	图3 不同封育年限草地0~40 cm土层不同粒级团聚体对有机碳贡献率Fig.3 Contribution rates of different aggregate fractions to soil organic carbon content at 0-40 cm depths of enclosed grassland of different years

3 讨论

土壤有机碳是表征土壤质量状况的主要生态因子, 土壤有机碳库的变化影响土壤碳向大气的排放量, 进而与全球气候变化密切相关^{[22, 23]}。由人类强烈扰动引起的草地植被和土壤退化导致温室气体的释放^[5]。封育有利于宁夏荒漠草原土壤有机碳的固存, 其含量随封育年限的增加呈波动性增加, 除0~5 cm土层外, 各土层有机碳含量以封育7年的草地较高, 且与封育10年的草地之间差异均不显著(P> 0.05), 表明在封育措施下, 退化荒漠草原生态环境恢复在封育7年时出现转折。以往的研究也表明, 封育禁牧有利于不同类型退化草地土壤有机碳的积累, 但并不是封育时间越长有机碳含量越高^{[24, 25, 26]}。不同封育年限草地土壤有机碳含量剖面分布总体以0~5 cm和5~10 cm表层土壤较低, 而10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层较高, 这可能是由于荒漠草原植被盖度较低, 凋落物对表土有机碳固存的贡献较小, 加之风蚀作用导致表层土壤有机碳含量受损。

土壤团聚体是有机碳稳定和保护的载体, 土壤的固碳功能伴随着团聚体组成的变化^[16]。不同粒径团聚体稳定和保护有机碳的能力不同, 土壤团聚体有机碳的变化影响土壤总有机碳的消长及土壤结构的稳定^{[27, 28]}。封育对荒漠草原不同土层团聚体有机碳含量的影响不同, 0~10 cm表层土壤以封育3年及未封育草地各粒级团聚体有机碳含量较高, 而10~40 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳随封育年限的延长总体呈增加趋势。就有机碳在不同粒径团聚体中的分布看, 各土层1~0.5 mm与0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量较高。黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中同一土层土壤团聚体有机碳含量以0.5~0.25 mm与1~0.5 mm两个粒级最高^[29], 也有研究表明土壤团聚体有机碳含量以2~0.25 mm粒级较高^{[30, 31]}。

不同粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率是土壤不同粒级团聚体含量和各粒级团聚体有机碳含量的综合表现, 可较为全面、客观地反映土地管理措施对有机碳库的影响^[32]。宁夏荒漠草原各封育年限草地0~10 cm表层土壤以< 0.25 mm微团聚体占全土的百分含量均最高, 导致该粒级团聚体对全土有机碳贡献率最高。10~20 cm土层, 各封育年限草地以> 5 mm粒级和< 0.25 mm粒级团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率较大。20~40 cm土层, 各封育年限草地均以> 5 mm粒级团聚体对全土有机碳贡献率较大, 且不同粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率对封育的响应较小。总体看, 随土层的加深, 封育对团聚体有机碳贡献率的影响减弱, 大团聚体对全土有机碳的贡献率逐渐增大。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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1994

0.0

... 土壤圈是陆地生态系统中储量最大的碳库,土壤碳储量约是大气碳储量的2倍、植被碳储量的2~3倍^[1,2] ...

1990

0.0

... 土壤圈是陆地生态系统中储量最大的碳库,土壤碳储量约是大气碳储量的2倍、植被碳储量的2~3倍^[1,2] ...

2003

0.0

Yang J

, Han X

, Huang J

, et al.

The dynamics of soil organic matter in cropland responding to agricultural practices.

Acta Ecologic Sinica, 2003, 23(4): 787-796.

杨景成, 韩兴国, 黄建辉, 等. 土壤有机质对农田管理措施的动态响应. 生态学报, 2003, 23(4): 787-796.

土壤有机质在农田肥力、环境保护、农业可持续发展等方面具有重要意义。它不仅决定农作物产量 ,而且在全球碳素循环中起着重要作用。由于大气 CO2 浓度升高与全球气候变暖等一系列环境问题的加剧 ,全球碳素循环受到越来越多的关注。农田具有大气 CO2 源和库的双重潜力。历史上由于人类对农田的过度开垦和耕种 ,造成土壤有机质含量大幅度下降 ,降低了农田的作物产量潜力 ;同时导致大量的碳以 CO2 形式由陆地生态系统排放到大气圈 ,加剧了全球温室效应。大量研究结果表明 ,诸如耕作、种植制度、施肥等农田管理措施能够显著地影响土壤有机质动态 ,而免耕、提高复种指数、合理的轮作换茬、有机肥料和化肥的施用以及弃耕农田还林还草等保护性管理措施则能够提高农田土壤有机质含量 ,使农田起到大气 CO2汇的作用。综述了近年来农田管理对土壤有机质动态影响研究方面的进展。

... 土壤有机碳作为土壤组成的重要部分,不仅是表征土壤质量的重要生态因子,而且是陆地生态系统重要的碳库,是大气CO₂巨大的源和汇,影响全球碳素循环的平衡^[3,4] ...

2004

0.0

Wu J

, Zhang X

, Xu D

Impact of land -use change on soil carbon storage.

Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(4): 593-599.

吴建国, 张小全, 徐德应. 土地利用变化对土壤有机碳贮量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(4): 593-599.

Through comparing the concentration and inventory of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its distribution in soil profiles under cropland,rangeland,natural secondary forest (brushwood,natural secondary forest dominated by Querces liaotungensis or Populus davidiana ) and larch plantations (13,18 and 25 years old Larix principis-rupprechtil ),this paper studied the effect of land use change from natural secondary forest to cropland or rangeland as well as from cropland or rangeland to plantation on SOC storage in the Liupan mountain forest zone.The results showed that the concentration of SOC in 0～110 cm soil layer under cropland and rangeland was 54% and 27% lower than that under natural secondary forest,respectively.The difference of SOC concentration between natural secondary forest and cropland or rangeland was greater in 0～50 cm than in 50～110 cm soil layer,while that between larch plantations and cropland or rangeland was greater in 0～40 cm than in 40～110 cm soil layer.The inventory of SOC in 0～110 cm soil layer under cropland and rangeland was respectively 35% and 14% lower than that under natural secondary forest,while 23% lower under cropland and 4% higher under rangeland than that under larch plantations.The difference of SOC inventory between natural secondary forest and cropland or rangeland was greater in 0～50 cm than in 50～110 cm soil layer,while that between plantations and cropland or rangeland was greater in 0～30 cm than in 30～110 cm soil layer.The decreasing magnitude of SOC storage with soil profile depth under natural secondary forest or larch plantations was greater than that under cropland or rangeland.The above-mentioned facts resulted from the changes of SOC input or output and the distribution of roots in soil.The results indicated that the SOC concentration and inventory would decline (mainly in 0～50 cm soil layer) after converting from natural secondary forest to cropland or rangeland,but increase (mainly in 0～30 cm soil layer) following afforestation on cropland.The SOC concentration would increase but its inventory would not change following afforestation on rangeland,and the distribution of the SOC concentration or inventory in soil profile would change with the change of land use in Liupan mountain forest zone.

通过对比分析六盘山林区典型天然次生林(杂灌林、山杨和辽东栎林)与农田、草地及农田、草地与人工林(13、18和25年生华北落叶松)邻近样地土壤有机碳含量和密度及其在土壤剖面上分布的差异,研究了天然次生林变成农田或草地及农田或草地造林后对土壤有机碳贮量的影响.结果表明,土壤有机碳含量方面,农田和草地比天然次生林分别低54%和27%,差异主要在0～50cm土层;农田和草地比人工林分别低42%和26%,差异主要在0～40cm土层.土壤有机碳密度方面,农田和草地比天然次生林分别低35%和14%,差异主要在0～50cm土层;农田比人工林低23%,草地比人工林高4%,差异主要在0～30cm土层.天然次生林和人工林土壤有机碳含量和密度随土层加深而递减的幅度比农田或草地大.这些差异主要由土地利用变化引起的土壤有机碳输入与输出及根系分布的变化所致.结果说明六盘山林区天然次生林破坏变成草地或农田后土壤有机碳含量和密度(主要是0～50cm土层)将下降,而农田中造林后土壤有机碳含量和密度(主要是0～30cm土层)又将增加,草地上造林后土壤有机碳含量增加而密度变化不大.另外,土壤有机碳含量和密度在土壤剖面上的分布也将随土地利用变化而发生改变.

1990

0.0

... 草地是陆地生态系统的重要组分,也是当前人类活动影响最为严重的区域之一,由人类强烈扰动引起的草地植被和土壤退化导致温室气体的释放^[5] ...

... 由人类强烈扰动引起的草地植被和土壤退化导致温室气体的释放^[5] ...

2004

0.0

... 在退化生态系统中,通过采用恢复措施改善土壤质量、增加土壤有机碳含量、提高生物量生产以缓解温室效应是可行的^[6,7,8] ...

2008

0.0

... 在退化生态系统中,通过采用恢复措施改善土壤质量、增加土壤有机碳含量、提高生物量生产以缓解温室效应是可行的^[6,7,8] ...

2012

0.0

Jia X

, Li X

, Zhou Y

, et al.

Storages and distributed patterns of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen during the succession of artificial sand -binding vegetation in arid desert ecosystem.

Environmental Science, 2012, 33(3): 938-945.

贾晓红, 李新荣, 周玉燕, 等. 干旱沙区人工固沙植被演变过程中土壤有机碳氮储量及其分布特征. 环境科学, 2012, 33(3): 938-945.

通过测定干旱沙区不同年代人工植被固沙区土壤剖面1 m深度容重和有机碳、全氮含量,估算了人工固沙植被演变过程中土壤有机碳和全氮储量特征及其垂直分布格局.研究表明,干旱沙区人工固沙植被演变过程中,0～100 cm深土壤有机碳和全氮储量均呈增加趋势;有机碳氮储量表现出了固沙初期的显著增加期（〈16 a）,随后的缓慢增加积累期（16～25 a）,及后期的显著增加期（〉25 a）,该变化趋势主要体现在0～20 cm的表层.土壤有机碳氮储量增加程度随深度增加有降低趋势,并且表层土壤（0～20 cm）有机碳和全氮储量远大于深层土壤（20～100 cm）;固沙初期土壤有机碳和全氮储量的增加体现在0～100 cm各个深度,而随后积累期主要体现在0～20 cm深度,固沙后期的增加也主要在0～20 cm深度,20 cm以下增加不明显;0～100 cm深土壤有机碳氮储量表聚性随固沙植被演变越来越明显.明确了降水〈200 mm的沙区人工固沙过程中植被和土壤特征的改变对土壤有机碳氮储量及分布特征的影响,为更好地理解干旱人工植被区的碳循环特征和预测该生态系统与气候变化间的反馈关系奠定了基础.

... 在退化生态系统中,通过采用恢复措施改善土壤质量、增加土壤有机碳含量、提高生物量生产以缓解温室效应是可行的^[6,7,8] ...

... 干旱沙区草地恢复过程中,有机碳储量增加程度随深度增加有降低趋势,并且表层土壤有机碳储量远高于深层土壤,土壤有机碳储量表聚性随固沙植被演变越发明显^[8] ...

2008

0.0

Guo

, Wang X

, Lu

, et al.

Soil carbon sequestration and its potential by grassland ecosystems in China.

Acta Ecologic Sinica, 2008, 28(2): 862-867.

郭然, 王效科, 逯非, 等. 中国草地土壤生态系统固碳现状和潜力. 生态学报, 2008, 28(2): 862-867.

以国内长期定位试验的数据为基础,评价了我国草地生态系统的固碳现状和潜力o 分析发现,通过减少畜牧承载量等方法恢复退化草地,我国草地土的有机碳库可以增加456L62 TgC ,主要分布在内蒙古,西藏和新o 草场围栏,种草和退耕还草3种草地管理措施的固碳潜力分另l是12-01,1-46Tg-a_]和25-59Tg-a_],总计39-06Tg-a一]o 2004 年是我国草地管理投资较多的年份,种草,退耕还草和草场围栏的工程面积均有较犬的提高,3 种措施新增的固碳能力分别为 5.70,0.38 Tg-a_]和 3.09 Tg-a一] ,合计9- 17 Tg-a一]o关键词:草地生态系统;草地土;固碳潜力

... 封育可以促进草地土壤有机碳的恢复和积累^[9,10,11],退化草地围封后,土壤有机碳、全氮储量增加,土壤轻组有机碳、微生物量碳含量也有所提高,土壤质量得到改善^[12,13,14] ...

2012

0.0

Chen F

, Cheng J

, Liu

, et al.

Effects of disturbances on organic soil carbon in the typical grassland of Loess Plateau.

Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2012, 20(2): 298-304.

陈芙蓉, 程积民, 刘伟, 等. 不同干扰对黄土高原典型草原有机碳的影响. 草地学报, 2012, 20(2): 298-304.

This study investigated the effects of four disturbances (enclosure-fertilization, enclosure-burning, fencing and grazing) on organic soil carbon content and density in Loess Plateau. Results are that organic carbon content and density decreased with increased soil depth and the decreasing amount differed for the four disturbances. Different disturbances made different effects on organic soil carbon content. The organic carbon content of 0~50 cm soil layer in the enclosure-fertilization grassland was the highest (from 24.08 to 34.99 g·kg -1 ), followed by enclosure-burning grassland (19.59~32.05 g·kg -1 ). In the 0~40 cm soil layer, the organic carbon content of grazing grassland was the lowest (from 19.07 to 25.37 g·kg -1 ). The effects of four disturbances on organic carbon density were similar to that on organic carbon content. In the 0~50 cm layer, enclosure-fertilized grassland got the highest organic carbon density (14.51 kg·m -2 ), followed by enclosure-burning grassland (13.86 kg·m -2 ), fencing grassland (12.27 kg·m -2 ) and grazing grassland (11.85 kg·m -2 ). These findings indicated that human interference could cause significant influence on organic soil carbon content and density of typical grasslands. Grazing could decrease organic soil carbon density while fertilization and fencing could increase it.

以黄土高原典型草原为对象,研究了封育+施肥、封育+火烧、封育和放牧4种干扰类型对土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度的影响。结果表明:黄土高原典型草原不同干扰类型下土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度都随土层深度的增加而减少,且干扰类型不同其减少程度不同;不同干扰类型对土壤有机碳含量影响不同。封育+施肥地在0~50 cm各土层有机碳含量均显著高于其他3个干扰类型,变化范围为24.08~34.99 g·kg -1 ;其次为封育+火烧地,变化范围为19.59~32.05 g·kg -1 ;在0~40 cm各土层,放牧地有机碳含量均最低,为19.07~25.37 g·kg -1 。不同干扰类型对有机碳密度的影响与对有机碳含量的影响基本相似。不同干扰对土壤有机碳的影响主要表现在0~20 cm土壤表层;在0~50 cm土层,4种干扰类型土壤有机碳密度大小依次为:封育+施肥>封育+火烧>封育>放牧,分别为14.51, 13.86, 12.27和11.85 kg·m -2 。综上所述,人为干扰对典型草原土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度具有明显影响;放牧导致土壤碳密度显著下降,而施肥和封育可以提高土壤碳密度。

2007

0.0

2012

0.0

Shang

, Li Y

, Han J

, et al.

Effects of enclosure on topsoil organic carbon, total nitrogen and labile organic carbon of mobile dune in Horqin Sand y Land .

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(6): 147-152.

尚雯, 李玉强, 韩娟娟, 等. 围封对流动沙丘表层土壤有机碳、全氮和活性有机碳的影响. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(6): 147-152.

以流动沙丘为对照,研究不同围封年限（14年和26年）下科尔沁退化沙质草地表层（0-15cm）土壤有机碳、全氮及活性有机碳的变化。结果表明：流动沙丘围封显著提高了土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、轻组有机碳（LFOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）含量,14年和26年围封样地SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC含量均随围封年限的增加而增加,且0-5cm层增幅高于5-15cm层。14年和26年围封样地土壤碳氮比显著高于流动沙丘,但2个围封样地之间差异不显著。流动沙丘围封也显著增加了表层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量,0-15cm土层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量均表现为26年围封地〉14年围封地〉流动沙丘。相关分析表明,LFOC、MBC均与SOC存在极显著正相关关系,说明LFOC和MBC均可作为衡量土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。

2012

0.0

Li L

, Zhu X

, Jia H

, et al.

Effect of long-term fencing and grazing exclusion on the grassland soil organic and microbial carbons of middle Tianshan Mountain. Journal of Agro-environment

Science, 2012, 31(8): 1554-1559.

李丽君, 朱新萍, 贾宏涛, 等. 长期围栏封育对天山中部草地土壤有机碳及微生物量碳的影响. 农业环境科学学报, 2012, 31(8): 1554-1559.

2012

0.0

Su J

, Zhu X

, Wang X

, et al.

Effects of long-term enclosure on spatial variation of soil organic carbon content in the Bayanbulak Subalpine Steppe.

Arid Zone Research, 2012, 29(6): 997-1002.

苏建红, 朱新萍, 王新军, 等. 长期围栏封育对亚高山草原土壤有机碳空间变异的影响. 干旱区研究, 2012, 29(6): 997-1002.

In this study, the longterm fenced sample plots located in the Bayanbulak Steppe in the central Tianshan Mountains were focused, classical statistics and geostatistics were used to study the effects of longterm enclosure on the spatial variation of soil organic carbon content in the subalpine steppe. The results were as follows: (1) Longterm enclosure can increase soil organic carbon content, the average organic carbon content was 40.76 g/kg in soil layer of 0-20 cm in depth inside the fenced steppe, and it was 38.50 g/kg outside the fenced steppe; the average organic carbon content was 20.98 g/kg in soil layer of 20-40 cm inside the fenced steppe, and it was 18.70 g/kg outside. Soil organic carbon content inside the fenced steppe was higher than that outside at horizontal direction; (2) Variation degree of soil organic carbon content inside the fenced steppe was significantly higher than that outside. There was a moderate spatial correlation between organic carbon contents in the upper and lower soil layers no matter inside or outside the fenced steppe, and the variation degree of organic carbon content in the upper soil layer was higher than that in the lower soil layer; (3) Spatially, the distribution of soil organic carbon was different from different places, the soil organic carbon content in spatial distribution inside the fenced steppe was higher than that outside. From the spatial interpolation map, it was found that, if the soil organic carbon content in soil layer of 0-20 cm was high both inside and outside the fenced steppe, the soil organic carbon content in soil layer of 20-40 cm was oppositely low

以中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所巴音布鲁克草原生态站的长期围栏封育样地为对象，利用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法，研究长期围栏封育对亚高山草原土壤有机碳空间变异特征的影响。结果表明：① 长期围栏封育可以增加土壤有机碳含量，围栏内0~20 cm土壤有机碳含量均值为40.76 g/kg，围栏外土壤有机碳含量均值为38.50 g/kg；围栏内20~40 cm土壤有机碳含量均值为20.98 g/kg，围栏外土壤有机碳含量均值为18.70 g/kg，土壤有机碳在水平方向上围栏内均高于围栏外；② 围栏内土壤有机碳的变异性程度均显著高于围栏外，不管是围栏内外、上层和下层，土壤有机碳均具有中等的空间相关性，且上层土壤的有机碳变异程度均高于下层土壤；③ 土壤有机碳在水平空间分布呈现出不均匀性，围栏内土壤有机碳含量空间分布水平高于围栏外，在空间插值图上看，围栏内外0~20 cm土壤有机碳含量高的位置，在20~40 cm土壤有机碳含量却相反。

2006

0.0

... 团聚体作为土壤理化性质的中心调节器,影响有机碳的化学和生物化学固定,土壤的固碳功能伴随着土壤团聚体的形成、稳定及更新过程^[15,16] ...

2000

0.0

... 团聚体作为土壤理化性质的中心调节器,影响有机碳的化学和生物化学固定,土壤的固碳功能伴随着土壤团聚体的形成、稳定及更新过程^[15,16] ...

... 土壤团聚体是有机碳稳定和保护的载体,土壤的固碳功能伴随着团聚体组成的变化^[16] ...

2005

0.0

Pan G

, Zhao Q

Study on evolution of organic carbon stock in agricultural soils of China: facing the challenge of global change and food security.

Advances in Earth Science, 2005, 20(4): 384-393.

潘根兴, 赵其国. 我国农田土壤碳库演变研究: 全球变化和国家粮食安全. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20(4): 384-393.

China is facing the great pressure under the Kyoto Protocol in reducing the rapid increasing emission of CO 2 resulted from the rapid industrialization. This paper deals with the issue of the study on status and dynamics of organic carbon stock of agricultural soils of China. China agriculture is meantime facing the double challenge of stabling the food production under the shortage of arable lands with decreasing soil productivity and of enhancing the C sink for mitigating the increasing CO 2 emission. The general poor storage of organic carbon and the apparent significance in crop productivity in the arable soils of China offers a great potential and, however, an urgent need for C sequestration agriculture in China. The evolution of C stock of the agricultural soils in the last two decades and the possible sink effect, the overall C sequestration potential and the feasible rate should be taken into account in the issues of priority researches. The authors strongly suggest that a C sequestration strategy, a winwin strategy, and technology should be developed after welldone investigations of soil C sequestration and put into practice in croplands of China in the early 21th century to meet the commitment to the Kyoto Protocol. Soil C sequestration links concerns of global change and food security for sustainable development of agriculture of China and buys China opportunity for control the fast increasing CO 2 emission due to the rapid industrialization. Priority of research should be put to the following issues of soil C sequestration: (1) the overall C stock of China cropland soils and the changing dynamics with the agricultural development at various scales; (2) features of C cycling in cropland soils with land fragmentation, and under intensified agriculture and high chemical inputs; (3) coupling mechanisms of soil C sequestration and productivity enhancement for different farming systems for sustainable agriculture in the future.

《京都议定书》已于2005年生效，我国面临着CO 2 减排的巨大压力。分析了我国农业土壤有机碳库及其演变研究的现状,认为当前我国农业在耕地资源严重短缺、耕地地力趋于下降的背景下面临着2个巨大挑战：提高和稳定粮食生产能力与补偿日益增加的工业CO 2 排放。有机碳贫乏作为我国耕地土壤的基本特点，这一方面提供了我国较大的固碳空间,另一方面也体现了我国实施固碳农业的必要性和紧迫性。目前迫切需要了解我国农业土壤在最近20年来的碳库演变态势与规模，明确我国农业土壤的固碳潜力与容量，在国家层面上实施农业固碳稳产工程,以在农业可持续发展和争取国家CO 2 排放的较大配额上实现双嬴。 

... 不同管理措施对土壤固碳的影响主要是通过对土壤微团聚体更新与转化的改变,从而使有机碳的保护机制发生变化所致^[17] ...

2013

0.0

... Maria等^[18]研究表明,#cod#x0003C ...

2011

0.0

Luo Y

, Wei C

, Li

, et al.

Effects of land use on distribution and protection of organic carbon in soil aggregates in karst rocky desertification area.

Acta Ecologic Sinica, 2011, 31(1): 257-266.

罗友进, 魏朝富, 李渝, 等. 土地利用对石漠化地区土壤团聚体有机碳分布及保护的影响. 生态学报, 2011, 31(1): 257-266.

对贵州省关岭县石漠化地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤团聚体的稳定性、有机碳分布以及大团聚体有机碳矿化进行了研究,探讨了大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用,以期为选择合理的石漠化治理措施提供科学依据.选取了当地主要的4种土地利用方式,分别为水田(水旱轮作)、旱地、花椒林和火龙果林;其中花椒林和火龙果林位于石漠化治理区内.采用湿筛法分离出各级土壤团聚体并结合室内恒温培养法测定原状和破碎大团聚体中有机碳的矿化动态变化,其中大团聚体保护性碳含量为破碎与原状大团聚体有机碳在42 d内累积矿化量的差值.结果表明:土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性具有显著影响.水田土壤团聚体稳定性要明显优于旱地、花椒林和火龙果林,且后3种土地利用方式间也存在显著差异.土壤有机碳也受到土地利用方式的影响,水田和旱地土壤有机碳含量要明显高于火龙果林和花椒林.各粒级团聚体有机碳含量在土地利用方式间具有较大差异,2-5 mm、0.25-2 mm和＜0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量按水田、火龙果林、旱地和花椒林依次下降,5-8 mm团聚体中有机碳含量则以花椒林最高,其次是水田和火龙果林,旱地最低.但是就各粒径团聚体的有机碳库而言,＜0.25 mm团聚体是土壤有机碳的主要载体.花椒林、旱地、火龙果和水田的大团聚体保护性碳含量分别为83.37、78.86、73.81、61.04 mg/kg,其差异表明花椒林土壤大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用最强,其次是旱地和火龙果林,水田最弱.因此,在该地区种植花椒林和火龙果林可以改善其土壤质量,其可能机理是通过增加土壤中大团聚体含量,同时增强大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用.

... 不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳分布及大团聚体有机碳的稳定性影响较为明显^[19] ...

2013

0.0

Cheng

, Zhu Q

, Liu

, et al.

Effects of vegetation on soil aggregate stability and organic carbon sequestration in the Ningxia Loess Hilly Region of northwest China.

Acta Ecologic Sinica, 2013, 33(9): 2835-2844.

程曼, 朱秋莲, 刘雷, 等. 宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体水稳定及有机碳粒径分布的影响. 生态学报, 2013, 33(9): 2835-2844.

土壤团聚作用和土壤有机碳固定之间密切相关。对宁南山区不同植被恢复措施和年限下土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性、土壤团聚体中有机碳及其组分分布进行了研究,探讨了有机碳及其组分对植被恢复的响应。结果表明,不同植被恢复措施下,土壤团聚体粒径分布表现为"V"字分布:5 mm和0.25 mm这两个粒径的团聚体含量最多,5—2 mm、1—0.25 mm团聚体的含量次之,2—1 mm粒径的团聚体含量最少。坡耕地的平均重量直径(MWD)最低,为1.4,其他植被恢复措施下土壤的平均重量直径MWD在1.9—3.1之间。不同的植被恢复措施下,0—20 cm土层和20—40 cm土层全土有机碳含量在7.4—17.7 g/kg之间、微生物碳含量分布在50.3—664.7 mg/kg之间、腐殖质碳含量在0.9—2.5 g/kg之间。胡敏酸碳含量分布在0.2—0.6 g/kg,富里酸碳含量在0.6—1.9 g/kg之间。全土有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳均为坡耕地最低,其他植被恢复措施的有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳含量分别是坡耕地的1.1—2.3倍、2.0—8.4倍、1.0—2.0倍、1.2—2.4倍。不同粒径团聚体有机碳相比较,大多呈现中间高两边低的变化趋势,最大值出现在中间粒径,即5—2 mm、2—1 mm、1—0.25 mm这3个粒径。逐步回归表明,5—2 mm团聚体和1—0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量的提高有助于土壤水稳性团聚体的形成。研究结果表明,植被恢复提高了土壤团聚体有机碳含量,在碳形态上,富里酸碳和微生物生物量碳对不同植被恢复措施的敏感度较高,胡敏酸碳含量则相对稳定。

... 25 mm团聚体有机碳含量的提高有助于土壤水稳性团聚体的形成^[20] ...

2012

0.0

Xu X

, Xu D

Evaluation on ecological effects during natural restoration for desert steppe in Ningxia.

Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2012, 40(23): 11781-11783.

许新忠, 许冬梅. 宁夏荒漠草原自然恢复演替过程中生态效应的评价. 安徽农业科学, 2012, 40(23): 11781-11783.

[目的]评价宁夏荒漠草原自然恢复演替过程中生态效应.[方法]对封育3、4、5、6、7年及未封育荒漠草原植被和土壤进行调查、分析,并选取土壤容重、有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、植物群落密度、高度、盖度、生物量及多年生草本植物比例为评价指标,采用主成分分析法对不同封育年限草地的生态效应进行综合评价.[结果]群落密度、盖度以封育5年的草地最高；土壤有机质、全氮含量无明显变化规律；土壤速效氮、速效钾含量以封育4年的草地最高,土壤速效磷含量以封育6年的草地最高.[结论]草地生态效应综合得分以封育5年的草地最高,此时可考虑封育草地的适度利用.

... 随着国家退耕还林还草、天然草地保护等项目工程的启动,宁夏于2003年全面实施了退耕还草、草地围封禁牧和休牧,给草场提供了休养生息的机会,部分草地生态环境得到改善^[21] ...

2004

0.0

... 2 测定方法采用沙维诺夫干筛法^[22]分离出#cod#x0003E ...

... 3 讨论土壤有机碳是表征土壤质量状况的主要生态因子,土壤有机碳库的变化影响土壤碳向大气的排放量,进而与全球气候变化密切相关^[22,23] ...

2006

0.0

... 3 讨论土壤有机碳是表征土壤质量状况的主要生态因子,土壤有机碳库的变化影响土壤碳向大气的排放量,进而与全球气候变化密切相关^[22,23] ...

2012

0.0

Fan Y

, Hou X

, Shi H

, et al.

The response of carbon reserves of plants and soils to different grassland managements on alpine meadow of three headwater source regions.

Grassland and Turf, 2012, 32(5): 41-47.

范月君, 侯向阳, 石红霄, 等. 封育与放牧对三江源区高寒草甸植物和土壤碳储量的影响. 草原与草坪, 2012, 32(5): 41-47.

在三江源区选择不同封育年限的退化高寒草甸,测定其地上部分主要功能群(禾草类、杂类草、莎草类的总碳氮浓度)、植物根系和土壤碳浓度及储量的动态研究。结果表明:围栏封育主要功能群总碳浓度和碳氮比高于自由放牧草地;围栏封育地下根系碳浓度明显高于自由放牧草地;高寒草甸土壤有机碳储量最大,植物地上部分碳储量最小,植物根系碳储量居中。0～30cm深度土体单位面积有机碳储量由高到低依次为:围栏封育5年围栏封育10年自由放牧;封育5年和10年后,总碳储量较自由放牧草地提高了36.54%,24.61%;土壤有机碳分别增加了26.28%和24.28%;而封育5年和10年之间碳储量没有显著变化,说明围栏封育是高寒草甸固碳减排的有效措施之一。

... 以往的研究也表明,封育禁牧有利于不同类型退化草地土壤有机碳的积累,但并不是封育时间越长有机碳含量越高^[24,25,26] ...

2011

0.0

Qiu L

, Zhang X

, Cheng J

Soil organic matter fractions and soil carbon management index in grassland s with different fencing ages.

Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(5): 1166-1171.

邱莉萍, 张兴昌, 程积民. 不同封育年限草地土壤有机质组分及其碳库管理指数. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(5): 1166-1171.

Soil organic matter is an important index to indicate ecological effects of grassland fencing. In this paper, soil organic matter fractions and carbon management index were studied by applying field investigation and laboratory analysis in semi-arid grasslands receiving different years of fencing. The response of soil organic matter to grassland fencing, which is essential for the improvement of soil quality and ecosystem rehabilitation, was analyzed. The results showed that the contents of soil organic matter and labile organic matter were decreased with soil depth, and were in order of 18 and 23 years fencing > 13 years fencing > unfencing treatment >3 years fencing. The carbon management index (CMI) of the soils received 3 years fencing was less than 100 in 0-90 cm soil profile, while the carbon management indices in 0-60 cm soils of 13 years fencing treatment, 0-90 cm soils of 18 and 23 years fencing were larger than 100, which indicated that the improvement of soil organic matter by fencing are more deeper in soil profiles with the increase of fencing age. The three labile organic matters were significantly related with soil organic matter and most soil properties, suggesting that labile soil organic matters could sensitively and directly indicate long term effects and soil quality changes with land/soil management.

土壤有机质对草地封育的生态效应具有重要指示作用，本文结合野外调查和室内分析，研究了半干旱区不同封育年限草地土壤有机质组分及其碳库管理指数变化，以分析土壤有机质对草地封育的响应特征，从而为该区土壤质量的改善和植被建设的生态效应评价提供依据。研究结果表明，土壤有机质及不同活性有机质含量均随土层加深而降低，且在各土层基本表现出封育18年、封育23年>封育13年>未封育>封育3年的趋势。除封育3年土壤的3种活性有机质碳库管理指数在0—90cm土壤剖面均低于100外，封育13年草地0—60cm土层、封育18和23年草地0—90cm土层的3种活性有机质碳库管理指数均高于100，表明随年限的延长，封育对土壤有机质的改善深度也在加深。土壤3种活性有机质与有机质及多数土壤性质呈极显著正相关，能更为灵敏和直观地表征土壤管理的长期效应和土壤质量变化。

... 以往的研究也表明,封育禁牧有利于不同类型退化草地土壤有机碳的积累,但并不是封育时间越长有机碳含量越高^[24,25,26] ...

2014

0.0

Wang C

, Zhang J

, Lv Y

, et al.

Effects of long-term grazing exclusion on soil organic carbon fractions in the grassland s of Inner Mongolia.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(5): 31-39.

王春燕, 张晋京, 吕瑜良, 等. 长期封育对内蒙古羊草草地土壤有机碳组分的影响. 草业学报, 2014, 23(5): 31-39.

封育是当前恢复和改良内蒙古草地的重要措施,也是实现草地固碳效应最有效的途径之一。本文利用内蒙古封育32年和自由放牧的羊草草地,分析了其土壤有机碳组分、土壤团聚体和土壤腐殖质组分碳含量的变化,并运用 13 C核磁共振波普法对土壤腐殖质的有机碳组分进行波普分析,探讨了长期封育对羊草草地土壤有机碳组分和土壤有机质结构的影响,期望能为科学地评估长期封育状况下草地固碳效应及其稳定性提供理论依据。实验结果表明:长期封育显著提高了草地土壤有机碳含量;在土壤有机碳组分中,除土壤微生物碳(MBC)含量降低外,其碳组分含量都相应增加。其中,易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量增加最为明显,长期封育草地是自由放牧草地土壤的4.53倍;长期封育显著提高了草地土壤0.25~2 mm团聚体所占比例及其有机碳含量;长期封育提高了草地土壤腐殖质中的胡敏酸碳(HAC)、胡敏素碳(HUC)含量和胡敏酸/腐殖质碳,降低了富里酸碳(FAC)的含量,封育草地土壤的HAC/FAC是自由放牧草地土壤的5.66倍。此外,长期封育草地土壤的脂族碳含量显著增加,芳香度相应增加,疏水碳/亲水碳增大。总之,长期封育不仅提高了草地土壤有机碳贮量,还能改善草地土壤结构、增强土壤有机碳的稳定性。

... 以往的研究也表明,封育禁牧有利于不同类型退化草地土壤有机碳的积累,但并不是封育时间越长有机碳含量越高^[24,25,26] ...

2003

0.0

... 不同粒径团聚体稳定和保护有机碳的能力不同,土壤团聚体有机碳的变化影响土壤总有机碳的消长及土壤结构的稳定^[27,28] ...

2013

0.0

Cai X

, Peng Y

, Yu B

Soil aggregates organic carbon change and its influence in Tibetan alpine steppe.

Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(11): 92-99.

蔡晓布, 彭岳林, 于宝政. 西藏高寒草原土壤团聚体有机碳变化及其影响因素分析. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(11): 92-99.

Abstract: The alpine steppes, mainly distributed in cold and drought terrains in the Northern Tibetan Plateau at over 4,500 meters above mean sea level, is a grassland ecosystem with the largest area, most important ecological state, and most characteristic soil-forming process. In recent decades, its natural degenerative process of the steppe is taking a turn for the worse due to desertification. Thus, it is of great significance to explore the changing process of soil aggregates organic carbon (SAOC) and its impacts on soil structure, and to seek methods for maintenance and stability of soil structure in the alpine steppe. Three alpine steppes were selected randomly as research areas in this study, and each research area was spaced at 50-100 kilometers, and included three sampling areas, namely, normal steppe (vegetation coverage of 45%-65% and light surface layer desertification), light degraded steppe (vegetation coverage>20%- 0.25 mm) in different soil layers in different states of steppes. 2) The SAOC change for alpine steppe is special, and mainly shows SAOC mass fractions go down at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers in the degraded steppe, but its decreasing amplitude becomes low with the aggravation of the grassland degradation. 3) Compared with the light degraded steppe, the loss of macroaggregates organic carbon increases by 2.87 g/kg, and the loss of microaggregates organic carbon decreases by 2.90 g/kg in the severely degraded steppe surface layer; the losses of macroaggregates and microaggregates organic carbon reduce by 1.40 and 0.34 g/kg respectively in the subsurface layer. It is seen obviously that the soil anti-corrosion in the severely degraded steppe is lower than that of the light degraded steppe, and soil environment in a severely degraded steppe becomes more unstable because of the bigger loss of its macroaggregates organic carbon. 4) The SOC mass fraction is extremely significant (p<0.01) and has a positive correlation with that of SAOC in different particle sizes; soil moisture content shows significant (p<0.05) and has a negative correlation with the mass fraction of SAOC in different particle sizes; and the volume weight and temperature of soil have a very slight impact on SAOC.

土壤结构的维持和稳定对高寒草原生态系统的稳定具有重要意义。为了探明高寒草原土壤结构的变化过程，研究了藏北正常、轻度和严重退化高寒草原表层（0～10 cm）、亚表层（>10～20 cm）不同粒径土壤团聚体有机碳（soil aggregates organic carbon，SAOC）的变化及对土壤结构的影响。结果表明：1）正常草地不同土层相同粒径团聚体有机碳质量分数均无显著差异，退化草地相同粒径SAOC质量分数随土层加深则呈显著提高的趋势；除轻度退化草地表层，不同状态草地各土层微团聚体（ 0.25 mm）有机碳。2）退化草地表层、亚表层SAOC质量分数均呈显著下降，降幅随草地退化加剧却有所降低。但与轻度退化草地相比，严重退化草地表层大团聚体、微团聚体有机碳损失量分别增、减2.87、2.90 g/kg，亚表层损失量则分别减少1.40、0.34 g/kg，由于大团聚体有机碳损失量较大，其土壤抗蚀能力低于轻度退化草地。3）高原寒旱环境中，SAOC质量分数随SOC质量分数、土壤含水率的增加分别呈极显著（p<0.01）提高、显著（p<0.05）下降的趋势，土壤温度、土壤容重对SAOC质量分数的影响则均不显著。该文可为进一步探寻高寒草原生态系统维持与稳定的理论和方法提供参考。

... 不同粒径团聚体稳定和保护有机碳的能力不同,土壤团聚体有机碳的变化影响土壤总有机碳的消长及土壤结构的稳定^[27,28] ...

2007

0.0

An S

, Zhang

, et al.

Distribution of organic carbon in different soil aggregates size during revegetation in hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau.

Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 2007, 21(6): 109-113.

安韶山, 张玄, 张扬, 等. 黄土丘陵区植被恢复中不同粒级土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(6): 109-113.

... 5 mm两个粒级最高^[29],也有研究表明土壤团聚体有机碳含量以2~0 ...

2005

0.0

... 25 mm粒级较高^[30,31] ...

2015

0.0

, Ma R

, An S

, et al.

Characteristics of soil organic carbon and enzyme activities in soil aggregates under different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau.

Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(8): 2282-2290.

李鑫, 马瑞萍, 安韶山, 等. 黄土高原不同植被带土壤团聚体有机碳和酶活性的粒径分布特征. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(8): 2282-2290.

In order to explore the distribution characteristics of organic carbon of different forms and the active enzymes in soil aggregates with different particle sizes, soil samples were chosen from forest zone, forestgrass zone and grass zone in the Yanhe watershed of Loess Plateau to study the content of organic carbon, easily oxidized carbon, and humus carbon, and the activities of cellulase, β-Dglucosidase, sucrose, urease and peroxidase, as well as the relations between the soil aggregates carbon and its components with the active soil enzymes were also analyzed. It was showed that the content of organic carbon and its components were in order of forest zone > grass zone > forestgrass zone, and the contents of three forms of organic carbon were the highest in the diameter group of 0.25-2 mm. The content of organic carbon and its components, as well as the activities of soil enzymes were higher in the soil layer of 0-10 cm than those in the 10-20 cm soil layer of different vegetation zones. The activities of cellulase, β-Dglucosidase, sucrose and urease were in order of forest zone > grass zone > forestgrass zone. The peroxidase activity was in order of forest zone > forestgrass zone > grass zone. The activities of various soil enzymes increased with the decreasing soil particle diameter in the three vegetation zones. The activities of cellulose, peroxidase, sucrose and urease had significant positive correlations with the contents of various forms of organic carbon in the soil aggregates.

为探究土壤中各粒级团聚体不同形态有机碳和酶活性的分布特征，以黄土高原延河流域森林带、森林草原带、草原带土壤为对象，研究了不同粒级团聚体总有机碳、易氧化碳和腐殖质碳含量，以及纤维素酶、β-D葡糖苷酶、过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性，分析了土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分与酶活性之间的相关关系.结果表明： 3种植被带土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分含量表现为森林带＞草原带＞森林草原带，3种形态有机碳含量在0.25～2 mm粒径均最高；不同植被带土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分含量和酶活性在0～10 cm土层大于10～20 cm土层；3种植被带纤维素酶、β-D葡糖苷酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性表现为森林带＞草原带＞森林草原带，过氧化物酶活性表现为森林带＞森林草原带＞草原带；3种植被带土壤中各种酶活性随着粒径的减小呈递增趋势.土壤纤维素酶、过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与团聚体各种形态碳含量均呈显著正相关.

... 25 mm粒级较高^[30,31] ...

2013

0.0

, Liao H

, Long

, et al.

Effect of land use on the characteristics of organic carbon and labile organic carbon in soil aggregates in Karst mountain areas.

Acta Ecologic Sinica, 2013, 33(7): 2147-2156.

李娟, 廖洪凯, 龙健, 等. 喀斯特山区土地利用对土壤团聚体有机碳和活性有机碳特征的影响. 生态学报, 2013, 33(7): 2147-2156.

... 不同粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率是土壤不同粒级团聚体含量和各粒级团聚体有机碳含量的综合表现,可较为全面、客观地反映土地管理措施对有机碳库的影响^[32] ...