纳罗克非洲狗尾草良种繁育技术研究进展
张美艳1,2, 薛世明1, 南志标2,*
1.云南省草地动物科学研究院,云南 昆明 650212
2.兰州大学草地农业科技学院,甘肃 兰州 730020
*通信作者Corresponding author. E-mail:zhibiao@lzu.edu.cn

作者简介:张美艳(1982-),女,山西忻州人,副研究员,博士。E-mail:zhangmeiyan1220@163.com

摘要

纳罗克非洲狗尾草在世界上热带和亚热带地区广泛栽培,具有再生性强,适口性好,持久性好,耐牧性强,耐旱、耐寒、耐涝、抗病虫害等特性,牛羊喜食,适合建植永久性放牧草地和割草地。在我国推广种植已有30多年,是我国南方天然草地改良、人工草地建植、石漠化治理和草牧业生产的主要骨干草种之一。但是,目前该品种存在种用性状退化和种子产量低等问题,为了提高其种子产量和良种繁育效率,文章对纳罗克非洲狗尾草的利用现状、种性复壮、种子产量构成因子和施肥、刈割、收种等良种繁育关键技术进行了详细阐述和分析,得出种性复壮、施肥、刈割、收种等是纳罗克非洲狗尾草良种繁育的重要因素,今后应从田间选择优异植株、施肥、刈割和收种等良种繁育关键环节进行进一步研究,可为该优良牧草品种的良种繁育和产业化提供理论技术支撑。

关键词: 纳罗克非洲狗尾草; 种子生产; 种子产量构成因子; 繁育技术
Advances in seed breeding and production of Setaria sphacelata cv. Narok
ZHANG Mei-yan1,2, XUE Shi-ming1, NAN Zhi-biao2,*
1.Academe of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming 650212, China
2.College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
Abstract

Setaria sphacelata cv. Narok has been cultivated extensively in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, and has favorable forage attributes of good palatability, regeneration, and persistence. It is tolerant to grazing, drought, cold, water logging, diseases, and insect attack, and so it has been widely grown as grassland for long-term grazing and cutting. Narok has a cultivation history of more than 30 years in China, and it is one of the elite cultivars for grassland establishment and improvement, karst rocky desert restoration, and herbivore production in Southern China. However, its disadvantages are its low seed yield and degraded genus characters. Therefore, our research goal is to improve the yield and quality of Narok seeds. In this paper, we discuss the utilization status, genus rejuvenation, and seed yield components of Narok, and describe some of the crucial technologies for Narok seed production, including fertilization, clipping, and seed harvesting. We conclude that further research should focus on the selection of high-quality plant materials, and on the optimization of fertilizer regimes, clipping, and seed harvesting technologies for the breeding and seed production of Narok. The results of this study provide technical support for the seed breeding and production of Narok in China.

Keyword: Setaria sphacelata cv.Narok; seed production; seed yield components; breeding technologies

我国的草地资源十分丰富, 面积约4亿hm2, 居世界第2位, 是我国最大的陆地生态系统[1]。随着人们对食品安全, 尤其是畜产品质量安全的高度关注和对生态环境改善的急切要求, 牧草产业已成为保障我国食品安全和生态安全的重要基础产业[2]。而牧草种子是牧草产业发展中最为重要和基本的生产资料, 是草原植被更新和草地建植的重要物质保障, 牧草种子业不仅关系到我国牧草产业的健康持续发展, 更关系到国际市场的竞争生存能力[3, 4]。但是, 目前我国牧草种子业发展基础较为薄弱, 每年约40%草种需要进口[2]。加之, 牧草育种和繁育工作相对滞后, 种子生产田2014年保留面积仅为9.51万hm2, 远低于发达国家, 造成我国草种市场较长时间处于供不应求的状态[5, 6], 成为我国牧草产业快速发展的主要制约因素之一。因此, 从长远来看, 终将需要依赖国内市场才能从根本上解决草种供应问题。而加大优良牧草品种的良种繁育和种子生产产业化是缓解目前我国草种业紧迫局势和提升牧草种子生产供给能力的根本途径。

纳罗克非洲狗尾草(Setaria sphacelata cv. Narok)作为我国南方草地建植、草地改良和石漠化治理的骨干草种之一[7, 8, 9, 10], 其良种繁育和种子生产产业化对我国南方草种产业化发挥着重要作用。文章对纳罗克非洲狗尾草的利用现状、种子产量构成因子和良种繁育过程中的施肥、刈割、收种等关键技术进行了详细阐述和分析, 旨在为今后该品种的良种生产产业化提供科学的理论指导。

1 纳罗克非洲狗尾草的利用情况和存在问题

纳罗克非洲狗尾草是禾本科狗尾草属, 4倍体, C4多年生疏丛型牧草[8, 11], 开花期株高约1.8 m, 是澳大利亚昆士兰州首次育成的冬季保绿型草品种, 其亲本来自非洲肯尼亚高海拔的阿贝尔德尔(Aberdares)地区(海拔2190 m)[12, 13]。该牧草品种广泛应用于世界热带和亚热带地区, 在澳大利亚、新西兰、美国南部、南美洲、非洲、印度等地广泛栽培[8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]。我国1983年由云南省草地动物科学研究院(原云南省肉牛和牧草研究中心)与澳大利亚合作开展的“ 云南牲畜和草场改良项目” 中引入云南。1997年11月经全国牧草审定委员会审定通过并正式登记为引进品种。与纳罗克属同一种的非洲狗尾草(Setaria sphacelata)育成品种还有卡松古拉(cv. Kazungula)、南迪(cv.Nandi)、苏兰达(cv. Solander)、诗芬达(cv.Splendida)、斯普兰达(cv. Splenda)和舒马赫(cv. Schumach), 这几个品种在我国应用很少。

纳罗克在云南、广西、广东、福建、湖南等省区引种研究均表现出较好的适应性, 尤其在亚热带、热带地区草地改良中表现良好, 已成为我国南方草地建植、草地改良和石漠化治理的骨干草种[7, 8, 9, 10]。纳罗克非洲狗尾草在云南省广泛栽培种植已有30多年, 在昆明、德宏、保山、红河、大理、昌宁、洱源、曲靖、临沧、楚雄、西双版纳、普洱、文山等地均有种植[8, 26, 27, 28], 尤其是近年来国家对南方草地畜牧业十分重视, 开展了“ 南方现代草地畜牧业推进行动” , 使得非洲狗尾草的种植面积逐年增加, 多年累积种植面积约3.3万hm2。但是, 随着利用年限的延长和缺乏科学完善的良种繁育体系[26]等因素导致种用性状逐渐退化, 加之其本身开花结实不一致和种子落粒性强等特性[14, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34], 导致目前种子产量较低, 平均不到45 kg· hm-2, 严重制约了该品种在云南乃至我国南方的推广应用[35, 36, 37]。因此, 亟需开展该品种的良种繁育关键技术研究工作。

2 纳罗克非洲狗尾草的生产表现
2.1 牧草生产

纳罗克非洲狗尾草耐牧性强, 再生性强, 具有耐旱、耐寒、耐涝、抗病虫害, 适口性好等特性, 牛羊喜食, 适合建植永久性放牧草地, 与温带豆科牧草白三叶(Trifolium repens)和热带牧草新罗顿豆(Neonotonia wightii)、大翼豆(Macroptilium atropurpureum)、绿叶山蚂蝗(Desmodium intortum)、银叶山蚂蝗(Desmodium uncinatum)等共生和持久性较好, 尤其与白三叶混播草地持久性强, 载畜量控制合理情况下, 可长达30多年[8, 12, 16, 27, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]。纳罗克具有较高的牧草产量和蛋白质含量, 叶量丰富[18, 24, 44, 45, 46, 47], 可刈割利用, 鲜草直接饲喂或制作成青贮料和干草捆[18], 生长点低, 频繁刈割对其再生影响较小[17, 27, 48], 但不耐长期重牧, 会导致逐渐退化成为类地毯草 (Axonopus affinis) 和马唐属 (Digitaria) 草地[39, 41]; 与其混播建植的大翼豆和绿叶山蚂蝗不耐频繁刈割[38, 49, 50, 51], 因此混播草地刈割利用需注意刈割频度和高度。印度的研究报道指出, 纳罗克在高温高湿条件下可能会感染由稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia grisea)引起的叶斑病[43], 在国内未见报道。

在云南, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草干草产量在6~10 t· hm-2, 最高可达17.8 t· hm-2, 粗蛋白质含量在营养期可达10.47%, 在开花期为7.13%, 显著优于卡松古拉[8]。在印度, 非洲狗尾草一年可刈割3次, 年刈割3次的干草产量和质量明显高于年刈割2次和年刈割1次, 粗蛋白含量7%~12%, 年干草产量10~15 t· hm-2[25, 43, 52]。在云南滇中地区纳罗克非洲狗尾草一年可刈割3~4次。在澳大利亚新南威尔士州, 灌溉条件下, 斯普兰达非洲狗尾草年产干草最高达16.7 t· hm-2, 但越冬性较差[53]。在澳大利亚昆士兰州纳罗克的干草产量和抗寒性显著高于卡松古拉和南迪, 叶片丰富密集, 叶片产量高于其他3个品种, 但其干草产量稍低于诗芬达, 花序数量整体低于南迪[14, 47]。在澳大利亚西澳大利亚州南部, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草具有很好的产量优势和持久性, 其夏秋季干草产量显著高于东非狼尾草(Pennisetum clandestinum), 和东非狼尾草具有很好的季节产量互补优势[16]。在巴西南部, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草生产表现优于牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima), 更适用于奶牛饲料, 可提高牛奶产量[19, 20]。对南迪非洲狗尾草研究得出, 不同放牧强度下的开花时间差异较大, 重牧条件下开花时间通常要早于轻牧, 且变异要高于轻牧, 这可能是因为重牧条件下的家畜粪便在一定程度上促进植株的生长和降低适口性, 进而造成更多变异植株的保留[54]

2.2 种子生产

在澳大利亚的研究指出, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量为40~60 kg· hm-2, 低于卡松古拉和苏兰达, 但其基部分蘖密度和发芽率高于苏兰达[32, 33, 34]。在我国云南, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草已栽培利用30多年, 据报道, 20世纪90年代纳罗克最高种子产量为468.8 kg· hm-2[55], 进入21世纪, 报道最高产量为251.6 kg· hm-2[56]。在印度非洲狗尾草种子产量为46.6~115 kg· hm-2[25, 43]。这种差异可能是因为地理位置、气候和利用年限等差异造成的[34]。国内外研究均得出, 纳罗克基部分蘖数较多, 一般为393~453蘖· m-2, 且分蘖力对种子生产影响较大[34, 55]。在印度占西对舒马赫非洲狗尾草的研究得出, 舒马赫非洲狗尾草的分蘖株高、分蘖直径、结实率和种子萌发率明显高于伏生臂形草(Brachiaria decumbens)、珊状臂形草(Brachiaria brizantha)、刚果臂形草(Brachiaria ruziziensis)、巴拉草(Brachiaria mutica)、非洲虎尾草(Chloris gayana)、糖蜜草(Melinis minutiflora)和巴哈雀稗(Paspalum notatum)等热带禾草[57]。研究证实, 硝酸钾有利于提高非洲狗尾草种子的萌发率[34, 58]

3 纳罗克非洲狗尾草种性复壮研究和种子产量构成因子分析

由于自然和人为使用不合理等因素, 经过多代繁育的牧草品种很容易发生混杂退化问题[59, 60]。混合选择法是利用基因重组提高有利基因频率, 进而优化群体遗传组成, 改良产量性状的一种筛选方法[61]。纳罗克非洲狗尾草属异花授粉植物[8, 19], 遗传分化较大, 高于同种的南迪和苏兰达等品种[22], 适合采取混合选择法进行种性复壮。Jank等[18]研究指出, 由于自身的自交不亲和性, 非洲狗尾草可通过多次轮回选择进行品种改良。国内对纳罗克非洲狗尾草种性复壮的研究仅见邓菊芬等[62]的研究, 指出经过2次群体混合选择, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草的复壮品种平均株高、穗长、分蘖数、抽穗数均得到显著提高。筛选优异基因型植株是提高种子生产性能的关键, 通常将株高、草层直径、再生分蘖数和叶量丰富度等作为选择标准[18]。非洲狗尾草的抗寒性与起源地海拔有一定的相关性[63]。因此, 今后筛选优异植株需考虑植株来源地的海拔等因素及株高、分蘖数、叶量丰富度等指标。国外研究指出, 有效分蘖数、花序数量、花序长度、单位长度花序的种子重量与纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量存在较大的相关性, 而分蘖力、花序长度均与开花时间存在较大的相关性, 指出增加有效分蘖数、花序数量、花序长度、单位长度花序的种子重量和改善开花时间一致性会提高种子产量[22, 33, 34, 64]。较早开花的植物具有生产较高种子生产的潜力, 在纳罗克和南迪非洲狗尾草上的研究均得出, 较早开花的植株可获得较高的种子产量[22, 65]。国内研究指出, 提高千粒重和花序长度是最有效提高纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量的途径, 其次提高单位花序长度小穗数、单位花序长度小花数和单位面积花序数量[66]。综上所述, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量构成因子主要有花序数量和长度, 有效分蘖数, 千粒重, 单位长度花序的小穗数、小花数和种子重。

4 纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子生产的关键因素
4.1 施肥对纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子生产的研究

施肥是禾草种子生产中的关键技术, 氮素是影响禾草种子产量的关键因素之一, 合理施用氮肥可获得最佳种子产量和质量[4, 34, 67, 68, 69, 70]。施氮可以有效增加种子产量, 在一定范围内, 种子产量随施氮量的增加而增加, 而达到某一施氮水平后, 种子产量不再随施氮量的增加而增加[71]。赵俊权等[55, 72]的研究指出, 若连续3年不施维持肥料, 可能导致纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子和饲草生产性能逐渐趋于退化。国外研究指出施氮可明显提高纳罗克非洲狗尾草的分蘖、基部分蘖密度、花序数量、花序长度、种子产量和干草产量、粗蛋白含量及粗蛋白产量, 在抽穗早期施氮仅能促进较晚分蘖的存活, 但较晚分蘖的植株对种子产量的影响很小[15, 32, 34]。对南迪非洲狗尾草研究得出, 40 kg· hm-2 P 和40 kg· hm-2 K基础上施用氮肥能够显著增加种子产量[73]。在澳大利亚昆士兰州非洲狗尾草放牧草地长达25年的研究得出, 在适度放牧情况下, 每年施用氮肥(333 kg· hm-2 尿素)在一定程度上可以显著降低杂草的种类和数量[38]。国内研究指出, 在施用450 kg· hm-2草地专用复混肥(N:P:K, 5.0:15.0:9.5)基础上, 分蘖期追施75 kg· hm-2尿素可明显增加纳罗克非洲狗尾草的分蘖数和种子产量[37, 74, 75, 76]。种子产量对施氮的响应主要归因于增加氮肥施用量通常会增加每穗小花数、每穗小穗数和每穗种子数等种子产量构成因子[77, 78]。因此今后需通过花序数量、花序长度、单位长度花序的小穗数和小花数等种子产量构成因子作为衡量指标来确定合理施肥量。微量元素对非洲狗尾草的种子生产也产生一定的影响, 国外对卡松古拉非洲狗尾草花粉体外悬浮液培养试验得出, 5 μ g· L-1硼酸处理效果最好, 可促进花粉的萌发和发育, 在一定浓度下钙离子与硼能协同促进花粉的发育, 但钙却无法取代硼的作用[79, 80]。国内对纳罗克非洲狗尾草研究得出, 铜肥可显著改善纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子的质量性状, 随着施铜量增加, 种子发芽率和千粒重均明显上升, 施铜量为 4.8 kg· hm-2时可获得较高的种子发芽率和千粒重, 分别是对照处理(不施铜)的3.3和1.6倍[81]。这表明, 在合理施用大量元素的基础上, 适量施用微量元素可提高纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子的产量和质量。国内外有关硼肥等微肥对纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子生产的影响报道较少, 今后需开展相关研究, 以期获得较佳的施肥方案。

4.2 刈割对纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子生产的研究

适宜的刈割是草地管理和利用的重要手段, 刈割通常能去除多余的营养枝条, 过多的营养枝条会阻碍光线透过、影响分蘖和引起倒伏[82]。刈割时期、间隔和频率是影响禾草种子生产的关键因素[37, 43, 74]。分蘖期刈割2~3次, 间隔25 d, 可推迟纳罗克非洲狗尾草开花结实时间, 并增加分蘖数和种子产量[37, 74]。韩学琴等[76]指出, 留茬高度10~15 cm, 冬季刈割比春季刈割更能有效地促进纳罗克非洲狗尾草的分蘖。与以上结论不太一致的是Dwivedi等[73]研究得出, 秋季刈割, 留茬高度10和45 cm, 对南迪非洲狗尾草的干草产量、分蘖数和种子产量没有明显改善。采用变化的刈割频率有利于提高牧草产量, 对贝斯莉斯克伏生臂形草(Brachiaria decumbens cv.Basilisk)在15 周内以不同时间间隔(3周和12周; 6周和9周; 12 周和3周; 9周和6周)刈割两次的研究得出, 在一个较长的刈割间隔(12周)后实施较短的刈割间隔(3周), 可获得较高的牧草产量[83]。因此, 刈割时期和方式如何提高纳罗克非洲狗尾草生产性能有待进一步研究。综上所述, 刈割时间、频度和留茬高度是非洲狗尾草种子生产中促进有效分蘖和种子产量的关键因素。

4.3 收种对纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子生产的研究

国内外研究均得出, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草存在抽穗、开花一致性差、持续时间长、种子成熟即落等特性[14, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34], 是造成种子产量低的因素之一。因此收种时间和收种方式是提高纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量的关键技术之一, 掌握种子成熟和落粒的平衡点, 是确定收种时间的关键。罗富成等[84]指出, 在纳罗克非洲狗尾草开花后第16天采收的种子质量高, 不仅籽粒饱满、生活力强、发芽率高, 而且活力水平也高。钟声[30]指出, 纳罗克开花高峰期为始花后第10~15天, 始花至成熟种子脱落时间平均为18 d, 指出宜在始花后33 d前后进行收种。Bahnisch等[32]研究得出类似的结论, 开花后20~35 d可获得较高的种子产量和花序数量。崔阁英等[85]指出, 在纳罗克种子进入蜡熟期后6~8 d收获可获得较高的种子产量。段新慧等[29]指出, 纳罗克穗子中部的种子产量较为稳定, 产量也较高, 而穗尾1/3产量最低, 指出收种宜考虑以穗子中部的种子成熟为最佳收种时机。在澳大利亚昆士兰州, 灌溉条件下一个生长季可收种两次, 可获得40~160 kg· hm-2种子产量[22, 32]。赵俊权等[55]得出, 一年分3次收种, 结合施氮可获得较高的种子产量315~468.8 kg· hm-2。这表明分批收种有利于提高种子产量。收种方法对种子产量和质量有显著影响, 与传统割穗收种相比, 田间抖穗收种和铺膜收种方式收获的纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子发芽率、千粒重和种子产量均有明显增加[56, 62], 但纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子生产尚未实现机械化收种, 今后需加强机械化研发。Dwivedi等[25]研究得出, 非洲狗尾草种子产量与降水量等气候综合因素有关。在云南滇中地区, 纳罗克非洲狗尾草收种通常在8月下旬至9月中旬, 而此时云南的雨季尚未结束, 因此收种时间显得十分关键。今后进行纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子生产收种时间需考虑种子成熟和落粒的平衡点时机和种植地区的气候条件, 收种时间和方式需要进一步研究。

5 结语

纳罗克非洲狗尾草在世界上热带和亚热带广泛栽培, 具有再生性强, 适口性好, 持久性好, 耐牧性强, 耐旱、耐寒、耐涝、抗病虫害等特性, 牛羊喜食, 适合建植永久性放牧草地和割草地, 是我国南方天然草地改良、人工草地建植、石漠化治理和草牧业生产的主要骨干草种之一, 在我国推广种植已有30多年。由于利用年限的增加和本身开花结实不一致和落粒性强等特性导致种子产量低和种用性状退化, 制约了该品种在国内的进一步栽培利用。综合分析国内外研究得出, 纳罗克种子产量构成因子主要有花序数量和长度, 有效分蘖数, 千粒重, 单位长度花序的小穗数、小花数和种子重。种性复壮、施肥、刈割和收种对其种子产量和质量具有重要的影响, 今后应从田间优异植株选育、施肥、刈割和收种等良种繁育关键环节进行进一步研究利用, 可为该优良牧草品种的良种繁育和产业化提供理论和技术支撑。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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