围封对荒漠草原区沙芦草群落土壤种子库及地上植被的影响

引用本文

赵盼盼, 李国旗, 邵文山, 靳长青. 围封对荒漠草原区沙芦草群落土壤种子库及地上植被的影响. 草业学报, 2018,27(1): 42-52
ZHAO Pan-pan, LI Guo-qi, SHAO Wen-shan, JIN Chang-qing. Influence of herbivore exclusion on the soil seed bank and the aboveground vegetation characteristics of Agropyron mongolicum dominant desert steppe grassland . Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(1): 42-52 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2017101
Permissions

本文属于开放获取期刊。

围封对荒漠草原区沙芦草群落土壤种子库及地上植被的影响

赵盼盼^1,², 李国旗^1,^2,^*, 邵文山^1,², 靳长青^1,²

1.宁夏大学西北土地退化与生态恢复国家重点实验室培育基地,宁夏银川 750021

2.宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,宁夏银川 750021

*通信作者Corresponding author. E-mail:guoqilee@163.com

作者简介:赵盼盼(1991-),女,甘肃天水人,在读硕士。E-mail:1751327789@qq.com

收稿日期: 2017-03-07

基金项目:国家重点研发计划资助(2017YFC0504406)和国家自然科学基金(31540007)资助

摘要

以宁夏盐池县四墩子荒漠草原沙芦草群落为研究对象,通过室内种子萌发法和地上植被调查法研究了围封对沙芦草群落土壤种子库和地上植被的影响。结果表明:1)围封对沙芦草群落土壤种子库密度具有显著影响,围栏外土壤种子库密度为(1052±273) 粒·m^-2,围栏内种子库密度为(1885±100) 粒·m^-2 ,围封使土壤种子库密度增加了79.0%。围封后,一年生植物种数减少了8.2%,种子库密度却增加了44.0%;2)围栏外地上物种数28种,围栏内为32种,围封使地上植被植物种数增加了14.0%。其中多年生植物增加,一年生植物减少;3)围封后,沙芦草群落土壤种子库和地上植被的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数均有增大趋势,但差异不显著,而其生活型功能群的多样性发生了不同程度的改变;4)围栏内外土壤种子库与其地上植被的Sorensen相似性系数均为中等不相似,封育样地(0.33)略低于未封育样地(0.35)。种子库之间相似性高达0.71,两个样地地上植被之间的相似性为0.62,二者均为中等相似,说明外界干扰对地上植被的影响要大于对种子库的影响。研究结果可为荒漠草原区植被的恢复与治理提供一定的参考。

关键词: 沙芦草群落; 围封; 土壤种子库; 地上植被

Influence of herbivore exclusion on the soil seed bank and the aboveground vegetation characteristics of Agropyron mongolicum dominant desert steppe grassland

ZHAO Pan-pan^1,², LI Guo-qi^1,^2,^*, SHAO Wen-shan^1,², JIN Chang-qing^1,²

1.Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

2.Key Laboratory for Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Abstract

Impacts of fencing on the soil seed bank (SSB) and the aboveground vegetation characteristics of an Agropyron mongolicum community in Yanchi County, Ningxia, were studied by germination, and vegetation survey techniques, respectively. The results showed that: 1) Herbivore exclosure significantly increased the SSB density. The total count of seeds in the SSB outside the enclosures was (1052±273) viable seeds·m^-2, but was (1885±100) viable seeds·m^-2 inside the enclosures. After herbivore exclosure, the number of annual species decreased by 8.2%, while seed density increased by 44.0%. 2) At sampling, there were 28 plant species (8 annuals+20 perennial species) present inside the enclosure and 32 species (7 annuals+25 perennial species) present outside the enclosure. 3) After enclosure, values for the Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index of the SSB and the aboveground vegetation showed increasing trends, but the difference was not significant. However, the diversity of life form functional groups changed to some degree. 4) The similarity between seed banks of fenced and unfenced areas was 0.71, whereas the similarity between fenced and unfenced aboveground vegetation characteristics was 0.62, indicating that the impact of external disturbance on vegetation was greater than the impact on the seed bank. This study provides reference information useful for the restoration and management of vegetation in desert steppe areas.

Keyword: Agropyron mongolicum community; enclosed; soil seed bank; aboveground vegetation

Show Figures

沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)又称蒙古冰草, 禾本科冰草属多年生草本植物, 适应性较高, 具有较强的抗旱、抗寒、耐风沙等特性^[1], 常见于干草原和荒漠草原的典型沙质环境中, 在荒漠化草原中多以伴生成分出现^[2]。有关沙芦草的研究表明, 沙芦草与其他种混播可以有效控制流沙移动, 显著改善生态环境^{[3, 4]}。围封作为一种促进退化草原尽快恢复的重要手段, 是通过解除牲畜的践踏、采食及粪便等外界干扰, 使退化生态系统在自身的更新能力下进行恢复^{[5, 6]}。有关围封对物种多样性的影响研究, 在相关研究中有不同的结论, 主要分为3类:围封可增加物种多样性^{[7, 8]}, 围封可减少物种多样性^[9], 围封对物种多样性影响不大^[10]。以往研究出现不一致结论与研究区群落本身的生产力、放牧演化历史、植被外貌、生活型等有关, 而其结果取决于以上哪种生态过程在起主导作用^[6]。

土壤种子库(soil seed bank)是指存在于土壤表层凋落物和土壤中全部有生命活力的种子^[11]。土壤种子库作为植物群落的重要组成部分, 不仅可以在一定程度上反映群落过去的状况, 也可以预示未来植物群落发展方向^[12]。土壤种子库是植被天然更新的物质基础^[13], 尤其是对重度干扰退化生态系统植被恢复与重建具有重要的理论和实践意义^[14]。近几十年, 国内外已对土壤种子库进行了大量研究, 马妙君等^[15]对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区土壤种子库进行了研究, 发现封育并没有提高土壤种子库种子密度, 种子密度和物种丰富度在垂直分层上差异显著, 且随着深度的增加而显著减小。赵丽娅等^[16]对科尔沁沙质草地的研究发现围封可以提高土壤种子库植物种数、土壤种子库密度、物种多样性。Schneider等^[17]在美国东南部的河流湿地对种子库进行了动态研究。但目前有关土壤种子库的研究主要集中在森林、湿地、草地、高寒草甸等方面^{[18, 19, 20]}, 对荒漠草原区土壤种子库的研究相对较少, 关于沙芦草群落的土壤种子库及地上植被的研究鲜有报道。鉴于此, 本研究以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原沙芦草群落为研究对象, 分析了围封对沙芦草群落土壤种子库以及地上植被特征的影响, 旨在为荒漠草原的生态恢复与重建提供一定的参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验区位于宁夏东部盐池县四墩子村(E 106° 30'-107° 48', N 37° 04'-38° 10'), 位于毛乌素沙地西南缘, 是黄土高原向鄂尔多斯台地过渡地带, 自然条件较为恶劣, 属于典型的中温带大陆性季风气候, 年均气温为7.7 ℃, 年降水量为 250~350 mm, 且大部分集中在6-9月, 年蒸发量在2500 mm左右, 年无霜期165 d。地貌为缓坡丘陵, 土壤类型主要为灰钙土、风沙土、黄绵土, 土壤质地为沙壤和粉沙^[21]。试验区位于我国温带草原的过渡地带, 属于欧亚草原区, 群落表现出旱生植物与典型草原建群种多年生禾草的镶嵌式分布格局。研究区植被主要有沙芦草、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)、老瓜头(Cynanchum komarovii)、针茅(Stipa capillata)等。

1.2 土壤种子库取样方法

2016年3月, 在围封与未围封样地内沿着对角线各随机选取5个4 m× 4 m的子样地, 在子样地内再按梅花形取5个1 m× 1 m的小样方, 在每个小样方中用 20 cm× 20 cm× 10 cm取样器采用五点取样法取样, 分别按0~2 cm、2~5 cm、5~10 cm取土, 将同一小样方内采样器中的同层土样混合, 装入塑料袋, 每个样地中75个土样, 共150个土样带回实验室。每个样地的取样面积为5 m², 取样体积为0.5 m³。

1.3 土壤种子库鉴定方法

取回的土样在没有其他种子影响的条件下晒干过筛^[15], 挑出土样中的根、石头等杂物, 均匀地将土样平铺在萌发盆里(43 cm× 30 cm× 13 cm), 土样厚度大概2 cm, 萌发盆底部垫5 cm无种子的毛细沙(设3个空白对照), 上面盖保护性网纱以防未来种子污染, 置温室中进行种子发芽和幼苗种属鉴定。种子发芽实验期间, 浇水使土壤保持湿润, 逐日观察种子萌发情况, 种子出苗后, 仔细观察和诊断幼苗种属, 对可辨认的植物(视为有效种子)立即进行鉴定, 记录并去除, 无法辨认的植物继续生长直至辨认出为止。土壤种子库密度用单位面积(1 m²)土壤中有效种子数量来表示。在萌发后的两个月翻动土样, 以促种子充分萌发。萌发试验从5月到9月, 持续4个月。

1.4 地上植被调查

植被调查于2016年7月底植物生长最旺盛时期进行, 在研究区围封与未围封两个样地内沿着对角线随机取3个面积为100 m²(10 m× 10 m)的大样方, 在大样方的4个角各设1个4 m× 4 m的中样方, 再在中样方中按梅花形取5个1 m× 1 m的小样方, 每个样地60个小样方, 总共120个小样方, 调查记录每个小样方内植物的物种组成、盖度、高度、多度等。其中盖度采用方格网法(1 m²的框架, 用线分割成100个1 dm²的小格)直接计算; 高度:用卷尺测量, 做3~5个重复; 多度:对小样方内每种植物进行全数并记录。

1.5 数据分析

1.5.1 植被重要值计算根据研究区调查的植物生境特征, 在重要值的计算中以植物相对多度、相对盖度、相对频度及相对高度为4个因素, 计算重要值, 计算公式:

重要值=(相对多度+相对盖度+相对频度+相对高度)/4

相对多度=(某一种多度/所有种多度之和)× 100%

相对盖度=(某一种盖度/所有种盖度之和)× 100%

相对频度=(某一种频度/所有种频度之和)× 100%

相对高度=(某一种的平均高度/所有种的平均高度之和)× 100%

1.5.2 物种多样性指标计算^[22]

Margalef丰富度指数:

R=(S-1)/lnN

Shannon-Wiener指数:

$\begin{matrix} H' = - \sum P_{i} \ln P_{i} \end{matrix}$

Simpson优势度指数:

$\begin{matrix} D = 1 - \sum {P_{i}}^{2} \end{matrix}$

Pielou均匀度指数:

E=H'/lnS

式中:S为物种总数; P_i=N_i/N, N为样方中总的个体数, N_i为样方中第i物种的个体数。

1.5.3 相似性指数计算采用Sorensen的相似性系数^[23](similarity coefficient, SC), 确定沙芦草群落围封内外土壤种子库的相似性, 以及土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性。计算公式为:

SC=2w/(a+b)

式中: SC为相似性系数; w为种子库和地上植被共有物种数; a为土壤种子库中物种数; b为地上植被物种数。SC值在0~0.24为极不相似; 0.25~0.49为中等不相似; 0.50~0.74为中等相似; 0.75~1.00为极相似^[24]。

用 Microsoft Excel 2010进行数据整理及图表制作, 用SPSS 17.0进行数据处理:在0.05显著水平下采用方差分析中的配对t检验法检验土壤种子库密度、物种多样性指数等在围封和未围封间是否有显著性差异。

2 结果与分析

2.1 围封内外沙芦草群落土壤种子库组成与密度

由表1可知, 围栏外沙芦草群落土壤种子库中共有植物23种, 隶属于8科19属, 其中禾本科7种, 菊科5种, 藜科4 种, 蔷薇科、豆科各2种, 蓼科、蒺藜科、大戟科各1种; 一年生植物和多年生植物分别占52.2%, 43.5%; 围栏内种子库中共有植物25种, 隶属于8科21属, 其中禾本科8种, 菊科6 种, 藜科4种, 大戟科、蔷薇科各2种, 蒺藜科、十字花科及豆科各1种; 一年生植物占44%, 多年生植物占52.0%。封育后, 出现了十字花科植物, 而蓼科植物消失, 一年生植物种数减少了8.2%, 多年生植物增加了8.5%。围栏外土壤种子库密度(以单位面积有效种子数表示, 下同)为(1052± 273.0) 粒· m^-2, 围栏内种子库密度为(1885± 100.0) 粒· m^-2 , 围封后土壤种子库密度增加了79%, t检验显示, 二者差异显著(P< 0.05); 围封内外一年生植物土壤种子库密度分别为(1021± 52.5), (708± 62.5) 粒· m^-2, 围封使一年生植物种子库密度增加了44.0%(P< 0.05), 围封外土壤种子库中多年生植物和灌木或半灌木分别是(818± 60.3), (73± 15.3) 粒· m^-2, 围封内土壤种子库中多年生植物和灌木或半灌木分别是(815± 32.8), (83± 17.4) 粒· m^-2, 二者在围栏内外差异不显著(P> 0.05)。

表1 围封内外土壤种子库组成及密度 Table 1 The composition and density of soil seed bank in the enclosed and unsealed sites viable seeds (No.· m^-2 )

生活型Life style	物种Species	科Family	围封Enclosed	未围封Unsealed
一年生植物Annual	地锦Euphorbia humifusa	大戟科Euphorbiaceae	43	-
	长萼鸡眼草Kummerowia stipulacea	豆科Leguminosae	-	28
	棒头草Polypogon fugax	禾本科Gramineae	-	10
	锋芒草Tragus racemosus	禾本科Gramineae	8	8
	狗尾草Setaria viridis	禾本科Gramineae	198	148
	小画眉草Eragrostis minor	禾本科Gramineae	198	178
	蒺藜Tribulu sterrester	蒺藜科Zygophyllaceae	10	57
	苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus	菊科Compositae	28	8
	砂蓝刺头Echinops gmelini	菊科Compositae	3	7
	西伯利亚滨藜Atriplex sibirica	藜科Chenopodiaceae	38	-
	刺藜Chenopodium aristatum	藜科Chenopodiaceae	45	25
	灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum	藜科Chenopodiaceae	330	143
	藜Chenopodium album	藜科Chenopodiaceae	-	80
	雾冰藜Bassia dasyphylla	藜科Chenopodiaceae	105	17
合计Totals			1021± 52.5A	708± 62.5B
多年生植物Perennial	乳浆大戟Euphorbia esula	大戟科Euphorbiaceae	5	20
	沙芦草Agropyron mongolicum	禾本科Gramineae	260	290
	九顶草Enneapogon borealis	禾本科Gramineae	48	-
	赖草Leymus secalinus	禾本科Gramineae	18	111
	白草Pennisetum centrasiaticum	禾本科Gramineae	-	152
	糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa	禾本科Gramineae	113	-
	针茅Stipa capillata	禾本科Gramineae	5	-
	野艾蒿Artemisia lavandulaefolia	菊科Compositae	73	20
	猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia	菊科Compositae	101	62
	蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum	菊科Compositae	32	-
	中华小苦荬Ixeridium chinense	菊科Compositae	37	-
	鸦葱Scorzonera austriaca	菊科Compositae	-	12
	西伯利亚蓼Polygonum sibiricum	蓼科Compositae	-	10
	二裂委陵菜Potentilla bifurca	蔷薇科Rosaceae	28	40
	委陵菜Potentilla chinensis	蔷薇科Rosaceae	88	30
	独行菜Lepidium apetalum	十字花科Cruciferae	32	-
合计Totals			815± 32.8A	818± 60.3A
灌木或半灌木Shrub or semi-shrub	牛枝子Lespedeza potaninii	豆科Leguminosae	83	73
合计Totals			83± 17.4A	73± 15.3A
总密度Total density			1885± 100.0A	1052± 273.0B

Note: Different capital letters mean significant difference between enclosed and unsealed treatments(P< 0.05), mean± SE.

注:不同大写字母表示在围封和未围封处理间差异显著(P< 0.05), 均值± 标准误。

表1 围封内外土壤种子库组成及密度 Table 1 The composition and density of soil seed bank in the enclosed and unsealed sites viable seeds (No.· m^-2 )

2.2 围封对沙芦草群落土壤种子库及其生活型功能群多样性的影响

由图1可知, 围封外沙芦草群落土壤种子库中物种的 Shannon-Wiener 指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均小于围封内的, 说明围封使沙芦草群落土壤种子库的多样性增加, 通过t检验显示这种增加并不显著(P> 0.05); 从不同生活型功能群比较, 多年生植物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数均表现为围封内大于围封外, 但均无显著差异(P> 0.05); 围栏封育后, 一年生植物的Pielou均匀度指数增大, 差异不显著(P> 0.05), Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数降低, Shannon-Wiener指数有显著变化(P< 0.05), Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数的变化无显著差异(P> 0.05); 围封内外土壤种子库中均只出现一种半灌木, 其Shannon-Wiener 指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数都为0。

Figure Option
View Download New Window

图1 围栏内外土壤种子库的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数、群落均匀度和生态优势度
不同大写字母表示在围封和未围封处理间差异显著(P< 0.05); AH:一年生植物, PH:多年生植物, SS:灌木或半灌木, ALL:群落整体。下同。Fig.1 The species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index and dominance index showed from soil seed bank in the enclosed and unsealed sites
Different capital letters mean significant difference between enclosed and unsealed treatments(P< 0.05); AH: Annual, PH: Perennial, SS: Semi-shrub, ALL: The whole community. The same below.

2.3 围封对沙芦草群落结构特征的影响

围封与未围封样地植被总覆盖度分别为65%~75%, 30%~40%, 其中两样地优势种盖度分别为55%~65%和20%~25%。未围栏样地共出现28种植物, 隶属于9科24属, 禾本科7种, 豆科5种, 菊科5种, 藜科5种, 蒺藜科2种, 其他科各1种(表2); 其中多年生植物占57.1%, 一年生植物占28.8%, 灌木或半灌木占14.3%。围封样地共出现32种植物, 隶属于13科28属, 其中禾本科6种, 豆科植物5种, 菊科9种, 藜科、旋花科各2种, 其他科各1种; 其中多年生植物占到65.63%, 一年生植物21.87%, 灌木或半灌木总共占12.5%。围封样地的植被总盖度和优势种盖度比未围封样地提高了35%, 45%~40%, 且菊科植物增加了80.0%, 藜科植物减少了150.0%, 出现2种旋花科植物; 围封与未围封样地均是多年生植物占优势, 围封地多年生植物增加了8.5%, 一年生植物减少了6.9%。沙芦草群落围栏内外沙芦草占绝对优势, 重要值分别为42.89, 20.00, 此外牛枝子、猪毛蒿、刺蓬的重要值较高; 沙芦草群落围封后, 针茅的重要值降低了9.71, 大画眉草消失。

表2 围封与未围封样地中地上植被的物种组成及其重要值 Table 2 Plant species composition and important value in the enclosed and unsealed sites (%)

2.4 围封对沙芦草群落地上植被及其生活型功能群多样性的影响

由图2可知, 沙芦草群落整体的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均表现为围封内大于围封外, 通过配对t检验, 变化差异均不显著(P> 0.05)。围栏封育后, 多年生植物的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数增大, 且差异显著 (P< 0.05), Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数有所降低, 但Simpson优势度指数的变化在围栏内外差异不显著(P> 0.05); 一年生植物的Margalef丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数表现为围栏外小于围栏内, 且丰富度指数差异显著 (P< 0.05), Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数均在封育后有所降低, 其中Shannon-Wiener指数的变化存在显著差异(P< 0.05), 而Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著(P> 0.05); 围封后, 灌木或半灌木的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数增大, 而Simpson优势度指数降低, 且除Margalef丰富度指数的变化差异显著外(P< 0.05), Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 围封对植物群落及各相关功能群多样性指数的影响(均值± 标准差)Fig.2 Comparative analysis of biodiversity index of the plant community and related functional groups in the enclosed and unsealed sites (mean± SD)

2.5 围封对土壤种子库和地上植被相似性的影响

围封和未围封样地地上植被共有物种为18种, 两样地土壤种子库与地上植被共有物种都为9种(表3)。围封样地种子库与其地上植被物种Sorensen相似性系数为0.33, 未围封样地土壤种子库与地上植被的Sorensen相似性系数为0.35, 两者相似水平相对较低; 围封内外地上植被之间与两样地土壤种子库物种之间的Sorensen相似性系数较高, 分别为0.62和0.71。

表3 围封内外地上植被与土壤种子库相似性指数 Table 3 The similarity coefficient between aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank in the enclosed and unsealed sites

3 讨论

3.1 围封对沙芦草群落土壤种子库的影响

土壤种子库是植被恢复的基本保障, 在植被恢复生态学研究中占重要地位。围栏封育过程中, 受生态环境、演替阶段、植被类型等因素的影响, 土壤种子库组成结构和密度变化幅度较大^[25]。本研究中, 对沙芦草群落实施围栏后, 土壤种子库中的一年生植物减少, 多年生植物增加, 说明围封能增加多年生植物种类的比例, 这与Kinucan等^[26]、黄欣颖等^[27]的研究结果一致。这可能与地上植被物种组成、结构及封育后植物繁殖策略的改变有关。与未围封样地相比较, 围封样地土壤种子库的密度显著增加(增加的比例为79.2%), 这与前人的研究结果一致^{[16, 28, 29, 30]}。表明围封可以提高土壤种子库密度, 这主要是由以下两方面原因引起的, 一是围封后的植被明显具有更大的高度和密度, 能够积聚更多的包含种子的掉落物所致^[28]; 二是由于种子库物种组成、不同生活型植物比例、不同种植物种子生产性能、种子寿命以及气候等方面因素的变化和差异造成的^[29]。此外, 围封后, 一年生植物的种子库密度大于多年生植物的种子库密度, 这可能是因为封育后, 以沙芦草为优势种的群落在相对稳定的环境下倾向于无性繁殖, 而一年生植物在较大的竞争压力下产生更多的种子, 围栏内大量积累的凋落物, 更好地储藏了其种子造成的。

围封管理手段可以使地上植被和土壤种子库中的物种多样性得以保持或者提高^[15]。本研究中, 围栏外种子库的 Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数及Simpson优势度指数均小于围栏内的, 但差异不显著(P> 0.05), 这与Rachel等^[31]在澳大利亚北部干旱区的研究中得出的结果类似。造成这种结果的原因可能有以下两方面, 一方面是因为在干旱或半干旱区围封后植被的恢复是一个极其缓慢的过程^[32], 另一方面在干旱或半干旱区植物群落的种间竞争在群落组成变化中的影响较小, 不会因牲畜的选择性采食而导致一些物种消失^[33]。此外, 封育对群落一年生植物的多样性影响较大, 一年生植物的多样性提高, 是与围栏封育后一年生植物的种子库密度显著提高有关。

3.2 围封对沙芦草群落的影响

围封解除了家畜的践踏、采食等干扰后使得草原植被覆盖度提高, 并且群落的物种组成和结构也发生一定改变, 最终使草原生态系统在自然条件下得以恢复和重建。本研究中, 在围封后, 沙芦草群落整体和优势种的盖度均显著提高, 围封后优势种的重要值提高, 物种数有增加趋势, 其中多年生植物种类增加, 一年生植物种类减少, 说明围栏封育后, 外界干扰的减小和生境的改善有利于植被的恢复和群落向进展方向演替。这与大量凋落物和立枯的积累^{[5, 6]}, 使种群拓殖能力与群落资源(水分, 矿质养分等)冗余有关^[25], 其为植物的生长、发育及繁殖创造了有利条件, 而这种相对稳定的环境, 尤其为优势种(沙芦草)的生长提供了竞争优势, 抑制了一年生植物的生长发育, 从而导致地上植被的物种组成和结构均发生变化。相反, 围栏外, 家畜对优质牧草的采食、践踏, 降低了优势种对草原资源的竞争, 为一年生植物的生长创造了机会^[34]。杨勇等^[5]在内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗对围封条件下内蒙古典型草原群落特征进行的研究以及刘建等^[35]在宁夏盐池县围栏封育对沙化草地植被特性的研究也得到了类似的结果。

群落的物种多样性是群落的重要特征, 群落多样性、优势度及均匀度等指标反映了群落的结构类型、组织水平、发展阶段、稳定程度及生境差异^[36]。本研究中, 围封对荒漠草原沙芦草群落物种的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数均无显著影响。晁增国等^[10]对围栏封育1年的矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸群落研究表明, 群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数差异都不显著。左万庆等^[36]的研究表明, 围栏封育后, 群落中的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和生态优势度均发生了一定的变化, 但各指数的变化均不明显。杨勇等^[5]的围封对内蒙古典型草原群落特征的研究表明, 群落多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数在围封和自由放牧处理间无显著差异。本研究结果与以上研究的结果相一致。有研究认为, 在干旱区围封对物种多样性的影响较小甚至无影响, 其主要是因为干旱区草原的恢复是一个非常缓慢的过程^[6], 除非一个特殊事件的驱动, 如罕见的大雨^[37], 这可能也是本次研究围封内外植物多样性无显著差异的原因。但本研究中封育对群落不同生活型功能群植物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数产生了一定影响, 说明封育后生境的改善使群落的不同生活型功能群发生变化。有研究表明, 围栏内外种群不同的竞争强度, 会使物种在资源竞争过程中的相对竞争力改变^[38], 这可能是围封后群落不同功能群植物多样性特征发生改变的原因之一。

3.3 围封内外土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性

从大量关于土壤种子库与地上植被之间相似性的研究报道中, 可以看到不同的学者所指的相似性标准并不统一^[39]。有些文章是用Simpson指数或Sorensen指数^[40], 还有些是单列出了两者之间共有种数目。本研究采用Sorensen指数对地上植被与土壤种子库的相似性进行分析, 并得出结论围栏内外土壤种子库与地上植被之间的相似性均较低, 且土壤种子库和其地表植被在种类组成上存在显著差异, 这与Bertiller^[41]、Hm^[42]的研究结果相一致。导致土壤种子库与其地上植被之间相似性较低的原因, 一方面跟群落优势种的繁殖方式有密切关系, 另一方面是当地干旱少雨的恶劣气候直接影响着种子在土壤中的持久性。围栏内外地上植被相似性为0.62, 两地土壤种子库相似性达0.71, 相对于土壤种子库围封对地上植被的影响更为明显, 这就说明外界的干扰(如放牧)对地上植被组成的影响要大于对种子库组成的影响^[43]。

4 结论

围封显著提高了沙芦草群落土壤种子库密度。此外, 围栏封育对土壤种子库整体多样性均无显著影响, 但显著降低了一年生植物的Shannon-Wiener 指数。

围封可增加群落物种数, 使多年生植物增加, 一年生植物减少。围封对地上植被整体多样性无显著影响, 而对其生活型功能群Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数有显著影响。

围栏内外土壤种子库与其地上植被的Sorensen相似性系数均为中等不相似。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	Zhao Y Z. Raising Goat by Planting Grass Technique. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003. 赵有璋. 种草养羊技术. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2003. [本文引用:1]
[2]	Yun J F, Mi F G. Species and distribution of Agropyron. Chinese Journal of Grassland , 1989, (3): 14-17. 云锦凤, 米福贵. 冰草属牧草的种类与分布. 中国草地学报, 1989, (3): 14-17. [本文引用:1]
[3]	An Y, Wang Y Q, Chen M, et al. Study on the technology and ecological benefit of the sand y grassland . Acta Agrestia Sinica, 1997, 5(1): 33-41. 安渊, 王育青, 陈敏, 等. 沙地草场补播技术及其生态效益研究. 草地学报, 1997, 5(1): 33-41. [本文引用:1]
[4]	Liu W Q, Wang G X. Experimental study on mixed artificial grassland desertification grassland under dry conditions. Chinese Journal of Grassland , 2003, 25(2): 69-71. 刘文清, 王国贤. 沙化草地旱作条件下混播人工草地的试验研究. 中国草地学报, 2003, 25(2): 69-71. [本文引用:1]
[5]	Yang Y, Liu A J, Li L H, et al. Effects of fencing on vegetation community characteristics and soil properties of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(5): 21-29. 杨勇, 刘爱军, 李兰花, 等. 围封对内蒙古典型草原群落特征及土壤性状的影响. 草业学报, 2016, 25(5): 21-29. [本文引用:4]
[6]	Yan Y C, Tang H P, Xin X P, et al. Advances in research on the effects of exclosure on grassland s. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(9): 5039-5046. 闫玉春, 唐海萍, 辛晓平, 等. 围封对草地的影响研究进展. 生态学报, 2009, 29(9): 5039-5046. [本文引用:4]
[7]	Wu J B, Bao X Y, Li J, et al. Influence of fencing duration on community and population of Stipa grand is in a typical steppe. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2010, 18(4): 490-495. 吴建波, 包晓影, 李洁, 等. 不同围封年限对典型草原群落及大针茅种群特征的影响. 草地学报, 2010, 18(4): 490-495. [本文引用:1]
[8]	Sternberg M, Gutman M, Perevolotsky A, et al. Vegetation response to grazing management in a Mediterranean herbaceous community: a functional group approach. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 37(2): 224-237. [本文引用:1]
[9]	Loeser M R, Sisk T D, Crews T E. Impact of grazing intensity during drought in an Arizona grassland . Conservation Biology, 2007, 21(1): 87-97. [本文引用:1]
[10]	Chao Z G, Wang S P, Xu G P, et al. Effect of fencing on community structure and distribution patterns of main populations in degraded Kobresia humilis meadow. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2008, 28(11): 2320-2326. 晁增国, 汪诗平, 徐广平, 等. 围封对退化矮嵩草草甸群落结构和主要种群空间分布格局的影响. 西北植物学报, 2008, 28(11): 2320-2326. [本文引用:2]
[11]	Simpson R L. Ecology of Soi1 Seed Bank. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989: 149-209. [本文引用:1]
[12]	Wang X R, Cheng R M, Xiao W F, et al. Relationship between stand ing vegetation and soil seed bank in water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges reservoir at the beginning after charging water. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(21): 5821-5831. 王晓荣, 程瑞梅, 肖文发, 等. 三峡库区消落带水淹初期地上植被与土壤种子库的关系. 生态学报, 2010, 30(21): 5821-5831. [本文引用:1]
[13]	Moles T A. Drake R D. Potential contributions of the seed rain and seed bank to regeneration of native forest under plantation pine in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1999, 37(1): 83-93. [本文引用:1]
[14]	Liu H, Jiang Q, Wang Z J, et al. A study on soil seed bank in desert steppe of different enclosing years in Ningxia. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 18(5): 96-98. 刘华, 蒋齐, 王占军, 等. 不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究. 水土保持研究, 2011, 18(5): 96-98. [本文引用:1]
[15]	Ma M J, Zhou X H, Lü Z W, et al. A comparison of the soil seed bank in an enclosed vs a degraded alpine meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(7): 3658-3664. 马妙君, 周显辉, 吕正文, 等. 青藏高原东缘封育和退化高寒草甸种子库差异. 生态学报, 2009, 29(7): 3658-3664. [本文引用:3]
[16]	Zhao L Y, Li Z H, Zhao J H, et al. Comparison on the difference in soil seed sank between grazed and enclosed grassland in Horqin sand y land . Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(4): 617-623. 赵丽娅, 李兆华, 赵锦慧, 等. 科尔沁沙质草地放牧和围封条件下的土壤种子库. 植物生态学报, 2006, 30(4): 617-623. [本文引用:2]
[17]	Schneider R L, Sharitz R R. Seed bank dynamics in a southeastern riverine swamp. American Journal of Botany, 1986, 73(7): 1022-1030. [本文引用:1]
[18]	Ge B J, Yang Y C, Li H Q. Spatial and temporal patterns of natural forest soil seed banks on Tiantong Mountain. Biodiversity Science, 2010, 18(5): 489-496. 葛斌杰, 杨永川, 李宏庆. 天童山森林土壤种子库的时空格局. 生物多样性, 2010, 18(5): 489-496. [本文引用:1]
[19]	Wang G D, Middleton B A, Lü X G, et al. Effects of farming on wetland soil seed banks in the Sanjiang Plain and wetland restoration potential. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(1): 205-213. 王国栋, Middleton B A, 吕宪国, 等. 农田开垦对三江平原湿地土壤种子库影响及湿地恢复潜力. 生态学报, 2013, 33(1): 205-213. [本文引用:1]
[20]	Jha P, Norsworthy J K. Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of Amaranthus palmeri from a natural seed bank. Weed Science, 2009, 57(6): 644-651. [本文引用:1]
[21]	Shao W S, Li G Q, Chen K Y, et al. Comparative studies on soil enzymic activities of four kinds of common plant communities in desert steppe. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2016, 36(3): 579-587. 邵文山, 李国旗, 陈科元, 等. 荒漠草原4种常见植物群落土壤酶活性比较. 西北植物学报, 2016, 36(3): 579-587. [本文引用:1]
[22]	Sun R Y, Li B, Zhu G Y, et al. General Ecology. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1993. 孙儒泳, 李博, 诸葛阳, 等. 普通生态学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1993. [本文引用:1]
[23]	Arroyo M T K, Humana A M. Persistent seed bank and stand ing vegetation in a high alpine site in the central Chilean Andes. Oecologia, 1999, 119(1): 126-132. [本文引用:1]
[24]	Zhai Y X, Zang J C, Su C. Effects of different tillage methods Linzhi city on community characteristics of soil fauna. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 30(1): 141-147. 翟云霞, 臧建成, 苏成. 西藏林芝市不同耕作方式对农田土壤动物群落特征的影响. 西南农业学报, 2017, 30(1): 141-147. [本文引用:1]
[25]	Liu F C, Li H L, Dong Z, et al. Advances in research on enclosure effects on vegetation restoration and soil physicochemical property of degraded grassland . Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 10(5): 116-122. 刘凤婵, 李红丽, 董智, 等. 封育对退化草原植被恢复及土壤理化性质影响的研究进展. 中国水土保持科学, 2012, 10(5): 116-122. [本文引用:2]
[26]	Kinucan R J, Smeins F E. Soil seed bank of a semiarid Texas grassland under 3 long-term (36-years) grazing regimes. American Mdland i Naturalist, 1992, 128: 11-21. [本文引用:1]
[27]	Huang X Y, Wang K, Wang Y T, et al. Soil seed bank dynamics during natural restoration by fencing a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(1): 38-42. 黄欣颖, 王堃, 王宇通, 等. 典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征. 草地学报, 2011, 19(1): 38-42. [本文引用:1]
[28]	Zhan X M, Li L H, Li X, et al. Effects of grazing on the soil seed bank of a Stipa krylovii steppe community. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2005, 29(5): 747-752. 詹学明, 李凌浩, 李鑫, 等. 放牧和围封条件下克氏针茅草原土壤种子库的比较. 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(5): 747-752. [本文引用:2]
[29]	Sun J H, Wang Y R, Zeng Y J. Characteristics of the soil seed banks in degenerated grassland s under grazing and grazing suspension. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2005, 25(10): 2035-2042. 孙建华, 王彦荣, 曾彦军. 封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征. 西北植物学报, 2005, 25(10): 2035-2042. [本文引用:2]
[30]	Sudebilige H, Li Y H, Yong S P, et al. Germinable soil seed bank of Artemisia frigida grassland and its response to grazing. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2000, 20(1): 43-48. [本文引用:1]
[31]	Rachel A M, Jose M F. Effects of sheep exclusion on the soil seed bank and annual vegetation in chenopod shrubland s of South Australia. Journal of Arid Environments, 1999, 42(2): 117-128. [本文引用:1]
[32]	Kelt D A, Valone T J. Effects of grazing on the abundance and diversity of annual plants in Chihuahuan desert scrub habitat. Oecologia, 1995, 103(2): 191-195. [本文引用:1]
[33]	Waser N M, Price M V. Effects of grazing on diversity of annual plants in the Sonoran Desert. Oecologia, 1981, 50(3): 407-411. [本文引用:1]
[34]	Sun S X, Wei Z J, Lü S J, et al. Characteristics of plant community and its functional groups in desert grassland under effects of seasonal regulation of grazing intensity. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2013, 32(10): 2703-2710. 孙世贤, 卫智军, 吕世杰, 等. 放牧强度季节调控下荒漠草原植物群落与功能群特征. 生态学杂志, 2013, 32(10): 2703-2710. [本文引用:1]
[35]	Liu J, Zhang K B, Cheng Z Q, et al. Influences of fencing on vegetation and soil properties in sand y grassland . Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 31(4): 180-184. 刘建, 张克斌, 程中秋, 等. 围栏封育对沙化草地植被及土壤特性的影响. 水土保持通报, 2011, 31(4): 180-184. [本文引用:1]
[36]	Zuo W Q, Wang Y H, Wang F Y, et al. Effects of enclosure on the community characteristics of Leymus chinensis in degenerated steppe. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(3): 12-19. 左万庆, 王玉辉, 王风玉, 等. 围栏封育措施对退化羊草草原植物群落特征影响研究. 草业学报, 2009, 18(3): 12-19. [本文引用:2]
[37]	Westoby M. Opportunistic management for range land s not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management, 1989, 42(4): 266-274. [本文引用:1]
[38]	Lü S J, Liu H M, Wu Y L, et al. Effects of grazing on spatial distribution relationships between constructive and dominant species in Stipa breviflora desert steppe. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(12): 3469-3474. 吕世杰, 刘红梅, 吴艳玲, 等. 放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(12): 3469-3474. [本文引用:1]
[39]	Tong C, Feng X, Zhang Y M, et al. Soil seed banks in different grazing exclusion restoring succession stages in the Xiligole degraded steppe. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(5): 1991-2002. 仝川, 冯秀, 张远鸣, 等. 锡林郭勒退化草原不同禁牧恢复演替阶段土壤种子库比较. 生态学报, 2008, 28(5): 1991-2002. [本文引用:1]
[40]	Levassor C, Ortega M, Peco B. Seed bank dynamics of Mediterranean pastures subjected to mechanical disturbance. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1990, 1(3): 339-344. [本文引用:1]
[41]	Bertiller M B. Seasonal variation in the seed bank of a Patagonian grassland in relation to grazing and topography. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1992, 3(1): 47-54. [本文引用:1]
[42]	Hm J B E. Seed banks of grazed and ungrazed Baltic seashore meadows. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1998, 9(3): 395-408. [本文引用:1]
[43]	Li F R, Zhao L Y, Wang S F, et al. Effects of enclosure management on the structure of soil seed bank and stand ing vegetation in degraded sand y grassland s of eastern Inner Mongolia. Acta Pratacultural Science, 2003, 12(4): 90-99. 李锋瑞, 赵丽娅, 王树芳, 等. 封育对退化沙质草地土壤种子库与地上群落结构的影响. 草业学报, 2003, 12(4): 90-99. [本文引用:1]

2003

0.0

... 沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)又称蒙古冰草,禾本科冰草属多年生草本植物,适应性较高,具有较强的抗旱、抗寒、耐风沙等特性^[1],常见于干草原和荒漠草原的典型沙质环境中,在荒漠化草原中多以伴生成分出现^[2] ...

1989

0.0

1997

0.0

. 1997, 5(1):33-41 DOI:doi:10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.1997.01.006

Study on the technology and ecological benefit of the sandy grassland.

沙地草场补播技术及其生态效益研究

An Y , Wang Y Q , Chen M

安渊, 王育青, 陈敏

The purpe of this research were to study the interseeding technique on sendmoble sandy pasture in Ordos plateau in Inner Momplia, and to establish an interseeding technique program to be sultable for this reqion.Interseeded forages species were Astragalus adsurgens, Chragana korshinskii Kom., Ihaysaram fruticosum Pall., Agropyron mongolicum andA.desertorvm Schult.Interseeded seed should be coated by the mixture of hygroscoic agent 10~12%, rare earth element 380~45O ×10 -6 , ABT root growth powder 18~22 × 10 -6 , Increasingyield ndcroorganism 2.7~3.0kg(or L)/hm 2 and ammonium phosphate 30~4lkg/hm 2 - Interseeded time was in the middle or last ten day periods of June and July before rainfall-Interseededsite should be in the flat ground between dunes and the facing wind site or lee side of dune wherevegetation cover was more than 20%.After interseed, the nutrients of the soil increased significantly; the vegetatbo cover and yield increased in years.In the third year, the veqetation coverreached to 78%, and .yield reached to 525okg/hm 2 .The vegetatbo cover and yield were 3 timesand 7 times as much as those of first year.The ecological environment ameliorated distinctly.

作者研究了适宜在鄂尔多斯高原半流动沙地草场补播技术及补播草地的生态效益,确定适宜的补播牧草品种、补播时间、补播地形和提高保苗率的方法。结果表明,补播草种以沙打旺、柠条锦鸡儿、羊柴、蒙古冰草和沙生冰草为主,播前用10—12%的保水剂、380～450×10 6 的稀土、18～22×10 6 的ABT生根粉、2.7～3kg(或L)/hm 2 的增产菌和30～41kg/hm 2 的磷酸二胺配合制成丸衣种子。在六月中下旬到七月中下旬雨前,选择沙丘迎风波和背风坡底部及丘间平地,植被盖度大于20%的地段补播。补播第三年,植被盖度达到78%,干草产量5250kg/hm 2 ,分别比补播前提高3倍和7倍,流沙移动得到有效控制,生态环境明显改善。

... 有关沙芦草的研究表明,沙芦草与其他种混播可以有效控制流沙移动,显著改善生态环境^[3,4] ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 25(2):69-71

Experimental study on mixed artificial grassland desertification grassland under dry conditions.

沙化草地旱作条件下混播人工草地的试验研究

Liu W Q , Wang G X.

刘文清, 王国贤

... 有关沙芦草的研究表明,沙芦草与其他种混播可以有效控制流沙移动,显著改善生态环境^[3,4] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 25(5):21-29 DOI:doi:10.11686/cyxb2015334

Effects of fencing on vegetation community characteristics and soil properties of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia.

围封对内蒙古典型草原群落特征及土壤性状的影响

Yang Y , Liu A J , Li L H

杨勇, 刘爱军, 李兰花

Fencing is one of the important means of restoration and reconstruction of degraded grassland, and has been widely used in grassland ecological restoration programs in China. This study monitored fenced and free-grazed grassland plots, to evaluate the impacts of fencing on community plant species composition, composition of functional groups, species diversity, aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) contents of degraded grassland. The plant species number in fenced plots (22 species) was greater than that in free-grazed plots (17 species). Community diversity ( H ), richness ( Pa ), evenness ( JP ) indices and aboveground biomass did not differ significantly between fenced and free-grazed plots ( P >0.05). Importance value ( IV ), percentage, aboveground biomass, H , Pa and JP indices of shrubs, semi-shrubs (SS) and perennial forbs (PF) in fenced plots were higher than those in free-grazed plots ( P <0.05). Aboveground biomass of perennial grasses (PG) was higher in fenced plots than in free-grazed plots ( P <0.05). Importance value ( IV ), percentage, aboveground biomass, H , Pa and JP indices of annual or biennial herbs (AB) were lower in fenced plots than in free-grazed plots ( P <0.05). The percentage and aboveground biomass of ecological functional groups did not differ significantly between fenced plots and free-grazed plots ( P >0.05). Soil organic C and total N content were not significantly different between fenced plots and free-grazed plots ( P >0.05). The soil organic C and total N contents decreased significantly ( P <0.05) with increasing soil depth, but the rate of decrease with depth was less in fenced plots than in free-grazed plots.

围封作为退化草原恢复与重建的重要措施之一,已被广泛应用于我国草原生态恢复工程中。为科学评价围封对退化草原的恢复效果,在内蒙古典型草原,选择围封及其对应的围栏外自由放牧草原,采用野外样方调查与室内分析相结合的方法,分析了围封对群落植物种组成、功能群组成、物种多样性、地上生物量及土壤有机碳和全氮的影响。结果表明,围封处理中植物种类(22种)多于自由放牧处理(17种),群落多样性指数( H )、丰富度指数( Pa )、均匀度指数( JP )和地上生物量在围封和自由放牧处理间无显著差异( P >0.05)。灌木、半灌木和多年生杂类草的重要值、物种所占比例、地上生物量和3种多样性指数( H 、 Pa 和 JP )在围封处理中显著大于自由放牧处理( P <0.05);多年生禾草仅地上生物量在围封处理中高于自由放牧( P <0.05);一、二年生草本的重要值、物种所占比例、地上生物量和3种多样性指数在围封处理中显著小于自由放牧处理( P <0.05)。生态类型功能群物种所占比例和地上生物量在围封和自由放牧处理间无显著差异( P >0.05)。土壤有机碳和全氮含量在两种处理间未达到显著差异( P >0.05),但都随土层深度的增加呈现显著下降的趋势( P <0.05),围封处理下降幅度小于自由放牧处理。

... 围封作为一种促进退化草原尽快恢复的重要手段,是通过解除牲畜的践踏、采食及粪便等外界干扰,使退化生态系统在自身的更新能力下进行恢复^[5,6] ...

... 这与大量凋落物和立枯的积累^[5,6],使种群拓殖能力与群落资源(水分,矿质养分等)冗余有关^[25],其为植物的生长、发育及繁殖创造了有利条件,而这种相对稳定的环境,尤其为优势种(沙芦草)的生长提供了竞争优势,抑制了一年生植物的生长发育,从而导致地上植被的物种组成和结构均发生变化 ...

... 杨勇等^[5]在内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗对围封条件下内蒙古典型草原群落特征进行的研究以及刘建等^[35]在宁夏盐池县围栏封育对沙化草地植被特性的研究也得到了类似的结果 ...

... 杨勇等^[5]的围封对内蒙古典型草原群落特征的研究表明,群落多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数在围封和自由放牧处理间无显著差异 ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 29(9):5039-5046

Advances in research on the effects of exclosure on grasslands.

围封对草地的影响研究进展

Yan Y C , Tang H P , Xin X P

闫玉春, 唐海萍, 辛晓平

... 以往研究出现不一致结论与研究区群落本身的生产力、放牧演化历史、植被外貌、生活型等有关,而其结果取决于以上哪种生态过程在起主导作用^[6] ...

... 有研究认为,在干旱区围封对物种多样性的影响较小甚至无影响,其主要是因为干旱区草原的恢复是一个非常缓慢的过程^[6],除非一个特殊事件的驱动,如罕见的大雨^[37],这可能也是本次研究围封内外植物多样性无显著差异的原因 ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 18(4):490-495

Influence of fencing duration on community and population of Stipa grandis in a typical steppe.

不同围封年限对典型草原群落及大针茅种群特征的影响

Wu J B , Bao X Y , Li J

吴建波, 包晓影, 李洁

... 有关围封对物种多样性的影响研究,在相关研究中有不同的结论,主要分为3类:围封可增加物种多样性^[7,8],围封可减少物种多样性^[9],围封对物种多样性影响不大^[10] ...

2000

0.0

2007

0.0

2008

0.0

. 2008, 28(11):2320-2326

Effect of fencing on community structure and distribution patterns of main populations in degraded Kobresia humilis meadow

围封对退化矮嵩草草甸群落结构和主要种群空间分布格局的影响

Chao Z G , Wang S P , Xu G P

晁增国, 汪诗平, 徐广平

... 晁增国等^[10]对围栏封育1年的矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸群落研究表明,群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数差异都不显著 ...

1989

0.0

... 土壤种子库(soil seed bank)是指存在于土壤表层凋落物和土壤中全部有生命活力的种子^[11] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 30(21):5821-5831 DOI:doi:10.5846/stxb201104120479

Relationship between standing vegetation and soil seed bank in water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges reservoir at the beginning after charging water.

三峡库区消落带水淹初期地上植被与土壤种子库的关系

Wang X R , Cheng R M , Xiao W F

王晓荣, 程瑞梅, 肖文发

Relationship between standing vegetation and soil seed bank in flooded area, non-flooded area and control area in water-level-fluctuating Zone of Three Gorges Reservoir at the beginning after charging water was studied with a germination method. The results showed that the standing vegetation was composed of 100 species in 71 genera of 47 families in flooded area, and 223 species in 163 genera of 84 families in non-flooded area, and, the main families were Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Cyperaceae. The species life of the standing vegetation is mainly composed of annual herbaceous species which had a short growth cycle and strongly adaptability accounted for majority proportion. Shrub and fluorescence accounted for 19% in flooded area. In non-flooded area, annual herbaceous species, perennial herbage species, shrub, fluorescence and arbor accounted respectively for 20.45%,36.36%, 28.28%, 15%. The life form percentage in control area which existed the original vegetation were respectively 23.24%, 28.18%, 32.02%, 17.05%. Compared with those in control area, both species diversity indices and richness indices of the standing vegetation decreased significantly in flooded area, and however increased significantly in non-flooded area. Evenness indices were all decreased in both flooded and non-flooded area. The species number of the seed bank in flooded area and non-flooded area were respectively 79 and 108, with 9 and 38 species more than that in control area. There existed significant differences in the soil seed bank among flooded area, non-flooded area and control area, with an average seed density being (12667±222525) seed banks per m2, (38013±9796.04) seed banks per m2 and (18715±8234.77) seed banks per m2, respectively. Compared with control area, flooded area had lower seed bank density by 32.32% and non-flooded area had higher seed bank density by 103.12%. Herbaceous species accounted for majority proportion in these two sites, and annual herbaceous species seeds were higher proportion than that of the perennial herbaceous. The indices of biodiversity, richness, evenness of the seed bank had similar trends to the standing vegetation, with a smaller extent of the change. There were 9, 40, and 15, co-occurrence species in both the standing vegetation and the seed bank respectively in flooded area, non-flooded area and control area. Their Sorensen similarity coefficients of species composition between the seed bank and the standing vegetation were respectively 0.328, 0.241and 0.186. The results indicated similarity coefficients were lower in the water-level-fluctuating Zone of Three Gorges Reservoir at the beginning after charging water, and soil seed bank of dominant species that did not quickly form dominant communities in the standing vegetation. Which had a great relationship with the shorter formation time of water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges Reservoir.

采用种子萌发法，研究了三峡库区消落带水淹初期所形成的已淹区段、未淹区段以及留存原有植被的对照样带地表植被与土壤种子库之间的关系。结果表明：三峡库区消落带已淹区段地表植被分属47科71属100种，未淹区段84科163属223种，优势科主要为菊科、豆科、禾本科、蔷薇科、莎草科。地上植被的物种生活型，已淹区段以生长周期短、适应性较强的1年生草本为主，灌木和乔木共占19%；未淹区段中1年生草本占20.45%，多年生草本占36.36%，灌木或藤本占28.18%，乔木占15%；对照样带中1年生草本占23.24%，多年生草本占41.32%，灌木及藤本占32.02%，乔木占17.05%。与对照样带相比，已淹区段地表植被物种多样性指数和丰富度指数都明显降低，未淹区段地表植被却表现出明显增加的趋势，只有Pielou均匀度指数都降低；已淹区段、未淹区段土壤种子库分别具有物种79种和108种，分别比对照样带增加了9种和38种；已淹区段种子库密度为(12667±2225.25)粒/m2、未淹区段为(38013±979604)粒/m2、对照样带为(18715±8234.77)粒/m2，与对照样带土壤种子库总密度相比，已淹区段降低了32.32%，未淹区段增加了103.12%，都以草本植物占绝大多数比例，且1年生草本所占比例大于多年生草本所占比例。土壤种子库的生物多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数与地表植被变化相一致，但变化幅度较小。消落带已淹区段、未淹区段、对照样带地表植被和土壤种子库共同出现的物种数分别为9，40和15种，土壤种子库和地表植被间Sorensen相似性系数分别为0.328，0.241，0.186，表明三峡库区消落带水淹初期区域整体相似系数较低，这与消落带形成时间短有很大的关系。

... 土壤种子库作为植物群落的重要组成部分,不仅可以在一定程度上反映群落过去的状况,也可以预示未来植物群落发展方向^[12] ...

1999

0.0

... 土壤种子库是植被天然更新的物质基础^[13],尤其是对重度干扰退化生态系统植被恢复与重建具有重要的理论和实践意义^[14] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 18(5):96-98

A study on soil seed bank in desert steppe of different enclosing years in Ningxia.

不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究

Liu H , Jiang Q , Wang Z J

刘华, 蒋齐, 王占军

... 土壤种子库是植被天然更新的物质基础^[13],尤其是对重度干扰退化生态系统植被恢复与重建具有重要的理论和实践意义^[14] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 29(7):3658-3664 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.07.025

A comparison of the soil seed bank in an enclosed vs a degraded alpine meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

青藏高原东缘封育和退化高寒草甸种子库差异

Ma M J , Zhou X H , L#cod#x000fc; Z W

马妙君, 周显辉, 吕正文

We used the direct germination method to examine the difference in the soil seed bank between an enclosed and a degraded alpine meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The main results and conclusions were: (1) A total of 10161 seedlings germinated in the two sites, belonging to 46 species and 23 families. The proportion of perennials was higher in the enclosed site than in the degraded site, but the proportion of grasses and monocotyledons was not different between the two sites. (2) The mean seed density in the degraded site ((6105±1530) viable seeds m-2) was significantly higher than in the enclosed site ((3883±798) m-2), but there was no difference in species richness between the two sites. The larger seed bank in the degraded area indicates that restoration of this habitat is not seed limited, and the soil seed bank has the potential to be a source for restoration. (3) Species richness and seed density decreased significantly with depth. (4) We used S rensen′s coefficient to evaluate the relationship between the presence of species in the germinable seed bank and the aboveground vegetation. This relationship was weak, though stronger for the enclosed site (45.3%) than for the degraded site (40.4%). However, the similarity of seed bank between the two sites was high (84.6%), indicating that while grazing pressure has a dramatic effect on vegetation, the impact of these changes is buffered by the soil seed bank. (5) The Shannon-Wiener index in the enclosed site was significantly greater than in the degraded site, both for the seed bank and for the aboveground vegetation. Thus, overgrazing reduces both the species diversity of aboveground vegetation and the diversity of the seed bank. Management by enclosing pastures could maintain the species diversity of both the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation.

采用幼苗萌发法研究了青藏高原东部高寒草甸封育和退化地区土壤种子库的差异。结果表明：(1）两个样地总共有10161株幼苗萌发，分属55个物种，23个科。封育样地多年生植物比例高于退化样地，禾草和单子叶植物比例在两个样地间差异不大。(2）退化样地土壤种子库种子密度（(6105±1530) m-2）显著高于封育样地（(3883±798) m-2），而物种丰富度差异不显著。所研究区域拥有较为丰富的种子库资源，退化地区资源更丰富，说明恢复不存在种子限制问题，土壤种子库可以成为植被恢复的潜在资源。(3）种子密度和物种丰富度在垂直分层上差异显著，且随着深度的增加而显著减小。(4）用Srensen coefficient指数计算出土壤种子库和地上植被之间的相似性在整体上较低，封育样地（45.3%）略高于退化样地（40.4%），两个样地地上植被之间的相似性为50％，而种子库之间相似性高达84.6%，说明种子库起到一个“缓冲器”的作用。(5）Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析显示，无论在地上植被或种子库中，物种多样性都是封育样地显著高于退化样地。过度放牧不仅导致地上植被的生物多样性丧失，而且使种子库中的物种多样性降低，而封育管理可以维持地上植被和种子库中的物种多样性。

... 近几十年,国内外已对土壤种子库进行了大量研究,马妙君等^[15]对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区土壤种子库进行了研究,发现封育并没有提高土壤种子库种子密度,种子密度和物种丰富度在垂直分层上差异显著, 且随着深度的增加而显著减小 ...

... 3 土壤种子库鉴定方法取回的土样在没有其他种子影响的条件下晒干过筛^[15],挑出土样中的根、石头等杂物,均匀地将土样平铺在萌发盆里(43 cm#cod#x000D7 ...

... 围封管理手段可以使地上植被和土壤种子库中的物种多样性得以保持或者提高^[15] ...

2006

0.0

. 2006, 30(4):617-623

Comparison on the difference in soil seed sank between grazed and enclosed grassland in Horqin sandy land.

科尔沁沙质草地放牧和围封条件下的土壤种子库

Zhao L Y , Li Z H , Zhao J H

赵丽娅, 李兆华, 赵锦慧

... 赵丽娅等^[16]对科尔沁沙质草地的研究发现围封可以提高土壤种子库植物种数、土壤种子库密度、物种多样性 ...

... 2%),这与前人的研究结果一致^{[16,28,29,30]} ...

1986

0.0

... Schneider等^[17]在美国东南部的河流湿地对种子库进行了动态研究 ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 18(5):489-496 DOI:doi:doi:http://dx.doi.org/

Spatial and temporal patterns of natural forest soil seed banks on Tiantong Mountain.

天童山森林土壤种子库的时空格局

Ge B J , Yang Y C , Li H Q.

葛斌杰, 杨永川, 李宏庆

Soil seed bank represents a pool of potential species for a plant community. We analyzed spatio- temporal patterns of natural forest seed banks on Mt. Tiantong, a typically hilly region in East China. Eight micro-landform units, i.e., second and third crest slopes, higher-, middle- and lower-upper sideslope, lower sideslope, foot slope, and flood terrace were used as classes in our analyses. Seeds were identified from a total of 1,960 samples collected in September 2008, December 2008, March 2009 and June 2009. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The total number of viable seeds was 5,024 and 68 taxa were identified, among which 65 species were identified to species level from the samples. Among these identified species 48 were present in the above-ground vegetation and the Czekanowski community similarity was 0.45. Deciduous broad-leaved trees and evergreen broad-leaved sub-canopy trees were the main components of soil seed banks according to the number of seeds and species. (2) The reserves on crest slopes and lower hillside areas were higher than those on the upper sideslopes (H-US, M-US and L-US). Carpinus viminea and Eurya loquaiana dominated in nearly all the micro-landforms. Otherwise, evergreen trees such as E. muricata , Ilex buergeri , Symplocos heishanensis and S. setchuensis were the dominant species in upper hillside areas, while deciduous trees such as Choerospondias axillaris , Acer olivaceum , Celtis vandervoetiana dominated in lower hillside areas. (3) Reserves of four vertical soil layers varied in size, with the peak at 0–2 cm soil layer, followed by 2–5 cm soil layer and 5–10 cm soil layer, while those in the litter layer were the smallest. (4)The soil seed banks showed seasonal variation, with the peak of reserves found in December 2008, followed by March 2009, September 2008 and June 2009 in descending order.

土壤种子库是植物群落的潜在物种库。在中国东部典型丘陵地区天童国家森林公园内选取8类微地形, 分别于2008年9月、12月和2009年3月、6月进行野外调查取样和室内实验, 从总计1,960份土样中挑选种子进行鉴定及分类统计, 研究其时空格局, 探讨自然森林土壤种子库的基本特征及分布规律。结果显示: (1)共检出有活力的种子5,024粒, 共鉴定出68个种, 其中定名种65个; 落叶阔叶乔木和常绿阔叶小乔木物种数量以及种子数量均占优势;土壤种子库与地上植被共有种为48种, 相似性系数为0.45。(2) 2级和3级顶坡及下部边坡、麓坡、泛滥性阶地种子库储量较大, 而高上部边坡、中上部边坡和低上部边坡种子库储量较小。雷公鹅耳枥( Carpinus viminea )和细枝柃( Eurya loquaiana )是各个微地形单元种子库的优势种。其他优势种中, 上部坡面的微地形主要为格药柃( E. muricata )、短梗冬青( Ilex buergeri )、黑山山矾( Symplocos heishanensis )、四川山矾( S. setchuensis )等常绿树种, 而下部坡面的微地形主要为南酸枣( Choerospondias axillaris )、橄榄槭( Acer olivaceum )、西川朴( Celtis vandervoetiana )等落叶树种。(3)土壤种子库储量在垂直空间上的分布是0–2 cm土层＞2–5 cm土层＞5–10 cm土层＞枯枝落叶层。(4)土壤种子库具有明显的季节动态, 其储量在各个取样时间中的分布为12月＞3月＞9月＞6月。

... 但目前有关土壤种子库的研究主要集中在森林、湿地、草地、高寒草甸等方面^[18,19,20],对荒漠草原区土壤种子库的研究相对较少,关于沙芦草群落的土壤种子库及地上植被的研究鲜有报道 ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 33(1):205-213 DOI:doi:10.5846/stxb201111021654

Effects of farming on wetland soil seed banks in the Sanjiang Plain and wetland restoration potential.

吕宪国, 等. 农田开垦对三江平原湿地土壤种子库影响及湿地恢复潜力

Wang G D , Middleton B A , L#cod#x000fc; X G

王国栋

摘　要：种子库是湿地植被恢复的重要途径之一，不同时期的耕作土壤中残留的种子对开垦湿地恢复具有重要的作用。本文采用温室萌发法在两种水分条件下对三江平原天然湿地、不同开垦年限湿地种子库结构和规模进行了研究，以了解不同开垦年限湿地种子库特征及其在湿地植被恢复中的潜力。本次实验共萌发物种50种，随着开垦年限增加，萌发物种逐渐减少，天然湿地、开垦1年、3年、10年、20年的湿地分别为34种、31种、21种、21种和8种，萌发物种数与种子库规模均表现出极显著差异（F1=8．32，F2=5．946，P〈0．001）。种子库密度以天然湿地和开垦1年湿地最大，分别为7624粒／m2，9836粒／m2。随着开垦年限增加，种子库规模逐渐减小，开垦3年、10年种子库密度为4336粒／m2，4872粒／m2。开垦20a后，显著减少为432粒／m2。湿润条件下萌发物种数及种子密度显著高于淹水处理，种子库具有明显的分层现象，0—5cm土层种子库规模显著高于5—10cm。小叶章（Calamagrostisangustifolia）作为该地区优势物种，由最初的1192粒／m2，经过20a开垦后在种子库中消失。研究表明，在一定的开垦年限范围内，开垦湿地土壤中仍然保留大量的湿地物种种子，在湿地恢复中具有重要的作用。

2009

0.0

2016

0.0

. 2016, 36(3):579-587 DOI:doi:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2016.03.0579

Comparative studies on soil enzymic activities of four kinds of common plant communities in desert steppe

荒漠草原4种常见植物群落土壤酶活性比较

Shao W S , Li G Q , Chen K Y

邵文山, 李国旗, 陈科元

In this paper, Sophora alopecuroides , Achnatherum splendens , Artermisia ordosica and Kalidium foliatum are 4 kinds of common plant communities growing in Yanchi County of Ningxia Province.They were taken as examples to study the soil microenvironment of different plant communities in desert steppe.After the study of community composition,the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil,we measured urease,catalase,phosphatase,sucrase.The results showed that:(1)the species composition of the different plant communities were various,and the frequency of occurrences of Gramineae,Compositae,Chenopodiaceae were relatively high in survey region.(2) There were differences on soil physical and chemical properties in the 4 kinds of plant communities.For example,the soil bulk density was less in S.alopecuroides community and the total nitrogen was relatively higher,the pH and organic carbon content of soil were significantly higher than others in A.splendens community.The soil moisture content and total phosphorus were lower in A.ordosica community and the salt content was higher markedly in K.foliatum community.(3) There were differences of soil enzyme activity among 4 kinds of plant communities.The urease activity of A.splendens and A.ordosica communities topsoil soil（0-10 cm）was higher;soil catalase of A.ordosica and K.foliatum communities increased as soil deepening;soil phosphatase activity of S.alopecuroides and A.splendens communities were higher and soil phosphatase activity of K.foliatum community was no significant difference in various soil layer（ P >0.01）;soil sucrase activity of 4 kinds of communities was generally low,and the little difference between the soil layer.(4) The correlation of the same soil enzyme activity was different among various plant communities.In conclusion,the different plant community characteristics and soil traits,especially the correlations of soil enzyme activities among different plant communities,can predict the succession of plant communities in desert steppe,and can be used as ways of vegetation restoration of desert steppe on the other hand.That is,moderate artificial disturb can raise soil enzyme activity,then increase biomass,which make desert steppe onto positive succession.

该研究以宁夏盐池县沙边子地区4种常见的植物群落苦豆子（ Sophora alopecuroides ）、芨芨草（ Achnatherum splendens ）、油蒿（ Artermisia ordosica ）和盐爪爪（ Kalidium foliatum ）为研究对象，通过对群落组成和土壤基本理化性质的研究，以及对脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶4种常见土壤酶活性的检测，分析了荒漠草原不同植物群落的土壤微环境。结果表明：（1）不同植物群落物种组成不同，且在研究区禾本科、菊科、藜科植物出现的频率相对较高。（2）不同植物群落土壤理化性质存在差异。苦豆子群落土壤容重较低，土壤全氮含量相对较高；芨芨草群落土壤pH明显较高，土壤有机碳含量相对较高；油蒿群落土壤水分含量较低，土壤全磷含量较低；盐爪爪群落土壤盐分含量显著高于其它植物群落。（3）不同植物群落土壤酶活性存在差异，其中芨芨草和油蒿群落的表层土（0~10 cm）的土壤脲酶活性较高；油蒿和盐爪爪群落的土壤过氧化氢酶随着土层加深酶活性反而有升高趋势；苦豆子和芨芨草群落的土壤磷酸酶活性较高，盐爪爪群落各土层间磷酸酶活性无显著差异；4种群落土壤蔗糖酶活性普遍较低，且各土层间差异也不大。（4）不同植物群落的同种土壤酶活性间相关性不同。研究认为，根据不同植物群落特征及土壤特性，尤其是不同植物群落间土壤酶活性的相关性，可预测荒漠草原地区植物群落演替趋势，通过适度的人为调控，可使群落向进展方向演替。

... 地貌为缓坡丘陵,土壤类型主要为灰钙土、风沙土、黄绵土,土壤质地为沙壤和粉沙^[21] ...

1993

0.0

... 2 物种多样性指标计算^[22] ...

1999

0.0

... 3 相似性指数计算采用Sorensen的相似性系数^[23](similarity coefficient,SC),确定沙芦草群落围封内外土壤种子库的相似性,以及土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性 ...

2017

0.0

. 2017, 30(1):141-147 DOI:doi:10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2017.1.025

Effects of different tillage methods Linzhi city on community characteristics of soil fauna.

西藏林芝市不同耕作方式对农田土壤动物群落特征的影响

Zhai Y X , Zang J C , Su C.

翟云霞, 臧建成, 苏成

摘　要：为了解西藏林芝市不同耕作方式下土壤动物群落结构、多样性变化,于2014年5-10月对西藏林芝市巴宜区青稞田、玉米田、油菜田及草地采用直径10 cm×10 cm土钻五点取样法,采用改良的Tullgren漏斗分离和收集土壤动物。共捕获土壤动物872只,隶属于4门12纲30目,共计50种,其中节肢动物构成了西藏林芝农田土壤动物的主要类群,占总体个数的85.68%;其次是线虫动物门,占总体个数的9.51%。Simpson优势度指数D（油菜）〉D（草地）〉D（青稞）〉D（玉米）;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H（草地）〉H（油菜）〉H（青稞）〉H（玉米）;Pielou均匀度指数E（油菜）〉E（草地）〉E（青稞）〉E（玉米）。在Sorensen相似性系数中,草地-青稞、草地-油菜和玉米-油菜为中等相似,草地-玉米、青稞-玉米和青稞-油菜为中等不相似,且Sorensen相似性系数低于Morisita-Horn系数。本试验表明,西藏林芝市不同土地土壤动物群落常见类群和稀有类群的种类构成和数量随季节变化相对较大,优势类群的种类构成和数量变化较小;通过Sorensen和Morisita-Horn相似性分析,不同土地利用方式对土壤动物的物种丰富度影响较大。

... 00为极相似^[24] ...

2012

0.0

. 2012, 10(5):116-122 DOI:doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2012.05.019

Advances in research on enclosure effects on vegetation restoration and soil physicochemical property of degraded grassland.

封育对退化草原植被恢复及土壤理化性质影响的研究进展

Liu F C , Li H L , Dong Z

刘凤婵, 李红丽, 董智

Enclosure is one of the effective measures for ecological restoration of degraded grassland. On the basis of existing research, the effect of enclosure on plant diversity, biomass, vegetation succession,soil physical and chemical property were summarized and six contents and directions were proposed about degraded grassland enclosure research in future. Conclusion: As a result of different geographical area,climatic conditions and degradation degree before enclosure, vegetation diversity under enclosure appeared three results, significant increase, stability and dramatic decline. Biomass increased in the early period of enclosure, and for long time enclosure biomass could not keep the increasing tendency. In addition, enclosure could increase population colonizing ability and community resources redundancy,prompt the improvement of soil seed bank structure, increases of density and positive succession of prairie which may appear three succession modes. Enclosure improved the physics properties of soil, since at soil surface “tight layer”was eliminate, but conclusions of enclosure effect on soil nutrients were not too consistent.

封育是退化草原生态系统恢复的有效措施之一。在梳理现有封育研究成果的基础上,归纳封育对植物多样性、生物量、植被演替、土壤物理与化学性状的影响效应,发现:受地理区域、气候条件及封育前退化程度等本底条件的影响,封育条件下植被多样性呈现出显著增加、基本稳定和明显下降3 种结果,生物量则表现为围封初期增加,围封时间过长不利于维持较高生物量的变化趋势;封育使得种群拓殖能力与群落资源冗余,土壤种子库结构改善、密度增长,退化草原呈正向演替,并可能出现3 种演替模式。封育消除了土壤紧实层,改善了土壤结构与性状,但对土壤养分的影响效应不一致。基于研究现状,提出今后应深入研究的6 个内容与方向,对丰富封育条件下退化草原恢复效应具有指导意义。

... 围栏封育过程中,受生态环境、演替阶段、植被类型等因素的影响,土壤种子库组成结构和密度变化幅度较大^[25] ...

1992

0.0

... 本研究中,对沙芦草群落实施围栏后,土壤种子库中的一年生植物减少,多年生植物增加,说明围封能增加多年生植物种类的比例,这与Kinucan等^[26]、黄欣颖等^[27]的研究结果一致 ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 19(1):38-42 DOI:doi:10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2011.01.007

Soil seed bank dynamics during natural restoration by fencing a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.

典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征

Huang X Y , Wang K , Wang Y T

黄欣颖, 王堃, 王宇通

This survey investigated the number of soil seed banks and species composition as well as the relationship between seed banks and vegetation at an enclosed degraded grassland at Balinyouqi,Inner Mongolia.Results show that the enclosure time increase was related to the increase of the species.In fencing succession stages,perennials increased,while,annuals decreased.After a 6-year enclosure,annual disappeared in the typical steppe.As enclosed years increase,density of seed banks increased.In the first enclosed year,the average density of soil seed bank was 1192 grains per square meter,but after a 10-year enclosure,the density raised to 2544 grains per square meter,53.1% higher than the first year.

研究内蒙古巴林右旗退化草原围封不同阶段土壤种子库的数量和物种组成以及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库中物种数目呈增加趋势,一年生植物种类逐渐减少,多年生植物种类逐渐增加,至封育6年时一年生植物在典型草原群落中基本消失;土壤种子库密度随着围封年限增加而逐渐增加,表现为围封1年时草地土壤种子库密度平均为1192粒·m -2 ,而围封10年时草地土壤种子库密度达到2544粒·m -2 ,较围封1年的群落增涨53.1%。

2005

0.0

. 2005, 29(5):747-752

Effects of grazing on the soil seed bank of a Stipa krylovii steppe community.

放牧和围封条件下克氏针茅草原土壤种子库的比较

Zhan X M , Li L H , Li X

詹学明, 李凌浩, 李鑫

... 2%),这与前人的研究结果一致^{[16,28,29,30]} ...

... 表明围封可以提高土壤种子库密度,这主要是由以下两方面原因引起的,一是围封后的植被明显具有更大的高度和密度,能够积聚更多的包含种子的掉落物所致^[28] ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 25(10):2035-2042 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-4025.2005.10.018

Characteristics of the soil seed banks in degenerated grasslands under grazing and grazing suspension

封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征

Sun J H , Wang Y R , Zeng Y J.

孙建华, 王彦荣, 曾彦军

连续2年对不同退化程度天然干旱荒漠草原围封后群落的土壤种子库进行研究.结果显示,土壤种子库物种数、种子密度和植物生活型在年际间、封育与放牧样地间及退化梯度间均有明显差异.种子库物种数为封育高于放牧样地;退化梯度相比,物种数除2003年封育样地随退化程度加剧呈减少趋势外,放牧样地及2004年各样地均随退化程度加剧而增加.种子库密度结果显示,2003年种子库密度明显高于2004年;各封育样地2年中土壤种子库密度显著或极显著(P<0.01)高于放牧样地;退化梯度相比种子库密度除2003年封育样地随退化程度加剧而急剧增加外,其余各样地种均随退化程度加剧而明显下降.植被生活型分析结果为,2003年以一年生草本植物种出现频率最高,各样地分别达94.0%～98.4%,多年生草本及灌木出现频率则很低,分别为1.59%～5.15%和0.03%～0.4%,2004年则为多年生草本植物种比例上升,且显示出封育高于放牧、退化程度愈轻增幅愈大的趋势.2年的结果显示种子库物种Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Peilow均匀性系数均以封育低于放牧样地.种子库密度与地上植被盖度相关性分析表明,2年结果中仅一年生草本和2003年灌木的土壤种子库密度与相应地上植被盖度之间具相关趋势和显著(P<0.01)相关.

... 2%),这与前人的研究结果一致^{[16,28,29,30]} ...

... 二是由于种子库物种组成、不同生活型植物比例、不同种植物种子生产性能、种子寿命以及气候等方面因素的变化和差异造成的^[29] ...

2000

0.0

... 2%),这与前人的研究结果一致^{[16,28,29,30]} ...

1999

0.0

... 05),这与Rachel等^[31]在澳大利亚北部干旱区的研究中得出的结果类似 ...

1995

0.0

... 造成这种结果的原因可能有以下两方面,一方面是因为在干旱或半干旱区围封后植被的恢复是一个极其缓慢的过程^[32],另一方面在干旱或半干旱区植物群落的种间竞争在群落组成变化中的影响较小,不会因牲畜的选择性采食而导致一些物种消失^[33] ...

1981

0.0

2013

0.0

. 2013, 32(10):2703-2710

Characteristics of plant community and its functional groups in desert grassland under effects of seasonal regulation of grazing intensity.

放牧强度季节调控下荒漠草原植物群落与功能群特征

Sun S X , Wei Z J , L#cod#x000fc; S J

孙世贤, 卫智军, 吕世杰

Taking the  Stipa breviflora  desert grassland in Inner Mongolia as test object, a randomized block experiment was conducted to reveal the changes in the aboveground biomass of plant community, its diversity, the biomass of functional groups, importance value, and variation coefficient under the effects of the seasonal regulation of six grazing intensities. In the treatment of zerograzing in spring, severe grazing in summer and moderate grazing in autumn, the aboveground biomass and Shannon diversity index were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. In the treatments of zerograzing in spring, light grazing in summer and moderate grazing in autumn and of severe grazing in spring, severe grazing in summer and light grazing in autumn, the biomass of perennial grasses was significantly lower than that in other treatments and CK. The biomass of the annual and biennial forbs showed negative correlations with those of the perennial grasses, shrubs, semishrubs, and perennial forbs; while the biomass of perennial forbs was significantly positively correlated with those of perennial grasses, shrubs, and semi-shrubs. The importance value of the shrubs and semi-shrubs in the treatment of severe grazing in spring, severe grazing in summer and light grazing in autumn was significantly higher than that in other treatments and CK. The variation coefficient of the community biomass was the lowest (averagely 29%), that of the perennial forbs and perennial grasses was lower (averagely 49% and 56%, respectively), and the variation coefficient of the shrubs and semi-shrubs and of the annuals and biennials was higher (averagely 79% and 105%, respectively). It was suggested that the treatment of zero-grazing in spring, light grazing in summer and moderate grazing in autumn would be the more reasonable seasonal regulation mode of grazing intensity.

以内蒙古高原荒漠草原为研究对象，设置6个放牧强度季节调控处理，对群落地上生物量、多样性，植物功能群生物量、重要值、变异系数进行研究。结果表明，春季零放牧+夏季重度放牧+秋季适度放牧地上生物量和Shannon多样性指数显著高于其他放牧处理。春季零放牧+夏季轻度放牧+秋季适度放牧和春季重度放牧+夏季重度放牧+秋季轻度放牧下多年生禾草生物量显著低于其他处理和对照；一二年生草本与多年生禾草、灌木半灌木和多年生杂类草呈负相关关系，多年生杂类草与多年生禾草、灌木半灌木之间呈显著的正相关。春季重度放牧+夏季重度放牧+秋季轻度放牧处理下灌木和半灌木的重要值显著高于其他处理和对照。群落生物量变异系数最小(均值为29%)，多年生杂类草、多年生禾草变异系数较小(均值分别为49%、56%)，而生物量较小、包含种类少的功能群，如灌木和半灌木、一二年生草本生物量变异系数较大(均值分别为79%和105%)。研究说明，春季零放牧+夏季轻度放牧+秋季适度放牧的季节调控利用方式较为合理。

... 相反,围栏外,家畜对优质牧草的采食、践踏,降低了优势种对草原资源的竞争,为一年生植物的生长创造了机会^[34] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 31(4):180-184

Influences of fencing on vegetation and soil properties in sandy grassland.

围栏封育对沙化草地植被及土壤特性的影响

Liu J , Zhang K B , Cheng Z Q

刘建, 张克斌, 程中秋

2009

0.0

. 2009, 18(3):12-19 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2009.03.003

Effects of enclosure on the community characteristics of Leymus chinensis in degenerated steppe.

围栏封育措施对退化羊草草原植物群落特征影响研究

Zuo W Q , Wang Y H , Wang F Y

左万庆, 王玉辉, 王风玉

摘　要：围栏封育作为简便而有效的草原恢复措施,在我国草原恢复维护中得到广泛应用。但是有关围栏封育措施随着实施年限的增加,会对草原生态系统的结构与功能产生怎样的影响,仍然是需要关注的问题。本研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟退化羊草草原为研究对象,通过对围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地连续5年的植被调查资料,对比分析了围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被组成和生产力的动态特征。结果表明,1）围栏封育措施使退化羊草草原的物种多样性和群落均匀度较自由放牧样地略有提高,群落生态优势度略有降低,但差异均未达到显著水平（P〉0.05）。2）围栏封育措施改变了退化草原的优势物种组成。随着封育措施的实施,总体上草原群落优势种为羊草和大针茅,反映出典型草原特征;而自由放牧样地,羊草和大针茅在群落中的地位不恒定。3）围栏封育措施显著提高了群落植被的平均高度、地上生物量和凋落物量。但随着围封时间的延长群落地上生物量逐渐降低,凋落物量增高。4）围栏封育对退化草原结构和功能的恢复存在不同步性。其中群落生物量受围封措施影响最为明显,2年围封已使其达到峰值;其次是群落的优势种,4年围封已使群落优势种恢复成典型草原群落代表种;反映最为缓慢的是群落多样性指标,7年围封措施并没有使群落的多样性指标与自由放牧样地形成显著差异。由此表明,采用围栏封育措施时需充分考虑恢复目的,制定恢复时间,从而提高草原的可持续利用能力,降低恢复成本。

... 群落的物种多样性是群落的重要特征,群落多样性、优势度及均匀度等指标反映了群落的结构类型、组织水平、发展阶段、稳定程度及生境差异^[36] ...

... 左万庆等^[36]的研究表明,围栏封育后,群落中的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和生态优势度均发生了一定的变化,但各指数的变化均不明显 ...

1989

0.0

2014

0.0

. 2014, 25(12):3469-3474

Effects of grazing on spatial distribution relationships between constructive and dominant species in Stipa breviflora desert steppe.

放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响

L#cod#x000fc; S J , Liu H M , Wu Y L

吕世杰, 刘红梅, 吴艳玲

... 有研究表明,围栏内外种群不同的竞争强度,会使物种在资源竞争过程中的相对竞争力改变^[38],这可能是围封后群落不同功能群植物多样性特征发生改变的原因之一 ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 28(5):1991-2002 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2008.05.013

Soil seed banks in different grazing exclusion restoring succession stages in the Xiligole degraded steppe.

锡林郭勒退化草原不同禁牧恢复演替阶段土壤种子库比较

Tong C , Feng X , Zhang Y M

仝川, 冯秀, 张远鸣

The soil seed bank is important for vegetation regeneration and natural succession, and it may change as a result of management, for example in response to varying grazing pressure. However, almost nothing is known about the on the soil seed banks in the restored steppe, and steppe degraded by grazing in Inner Mongolia. Here, we aimed to: (1) investigate the composition and soil seed density in three vertical layers in restored steppe after long-term exclusion (10 and 23 years) of grazing, and compare this with steppe degraded by grazing; (2) examine and compare the total and persistent soil seed bank in restored steppe versus degraded grazing steppe; (3) relate the similarity of seed bank composition with that of the standing vegetation. In August 2004, we investigated the community of three sites in Xilingole: (1) two areas of previously degraded steppe where grazing had been excluded for either 10 or 23 years, and (2) a degraded steppe where grazing had been continued. The species present in the vegetation was assessed using five 1m 1m quadrats distributed randomly in each area. In spring 2005, in the same sites, fifteen soil cores (15 cm×15 cm×3 cm) were collected from three depth layers (0-3 cm, 3-6 cm and 6-9 cm) for each three treatments. The composition and density of the soil seed bank was evaluated by monitoring seedling emergence. The similarity of soil seed bank and the standing vegetation was assessed using the Sorensen index. Heavy grazing can cause the lack of soil seed reserves, and long term-grazing exclusion can restore the composition and density of soil seed banks steppe. In April 2005, the total soil seed banks (0-9 cm depth) after 10 and 23 years enclosure had 4756 and 4433 seeds•m-2 respectively but only 856 seeds•m-2 for the degraded steppe. In June results were lower but showed the same pattern (i.e. 2255, 2333 and 778 s seeds•m-2). The difference in results between April and June can be considered as the spring germinable seeds. The persistent soil seed banks of the 10, 23 years enclosed steppe, and degraded steppe were 53%、47% and 91% of the total soil seed bank. Most soil seeds were found in the top 0-6 cm, and there was a decrease with depth. Annuals constituted a major component of the steppe soil seed bank, and most seeds were classified as transient members of the transient soil seed bank, such as annual Chenopodium album and perennial Allium tenuissimum. The Sorensen similarity index of seed bank composition and standing vegetation was 0.49-0.54.

以冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）+ 糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）退化草原经过长期围栏禁牧恢复演替（23 a和10 a）群落为研究对象，并对比围栏外退化的冷蒿+ 糙隐子草草原，揭示锡林郭勒退化草原长期围栏禁牧后的土壤种子库特征。随着群落的恢复演替，土壤总种子库物种组成和密度均增加，但持久性土壤种子库占土壤总种子库的比例下降。代表土壤总种子库的4月份取样，围栏禁牧23 a、10 a和围栏外退化样地土壤种子库密度平均值分别为4433、4756粒•m-2和856粒•m-2, 在0.001水平上差异显著，基本代表持久土壤种子库（persistent soil seed bank）的6月底取样，3个样地土壤种子库密度在0.05水平上差异显著；多数植物土壤种子库主要分布在0~3 cm层，各样地种子库密度随土壤深度的增加而减少；围栏禁牧23 a、10 a和围栏外重度退化样地的持久土壤种子库密度分别为土壤总种子库的52.6%、47.4%和90.9%,；各样地一年生植物，构成了草原土壤种子库密度的主要组成部分。结果表明，对于严重退化的冷蒿+糙隐子草群落，只要在恢复起点仍有零星分布的羊草和大针茅植株，经过长期围栏禁牧可恢复其土壤种子库物种组成和种子库规模。

... 3 围封内外土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性从大量关于土壤种子库与地上植被之间相似性的研究报道中,可以看到不同的学者所指的相似性标准并不统一^[39] ...

1990

0.0

... 有些文章是用Simpson指数或Sorensen指数^[40],还有些是单列出了两者之间共有种数目 ...

1992

0.0

... 本研究采用Sorensen指数对地上植被与土壤种子库的相似性进行分析,并得出结论围栏内外土壤种子库与地上植被之间的相似性均较低,且土壤种子库和其地表植被在种类组成上存在显著差异,这与Bertiller^[41]、Hm^[42]的研究结果相一致 ...

1998

0.0

2003

0.0

. 2003, 12(4):90-99 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2003.04.017

Effects of enclosure management on the structure of soil seed bank and standing vegetation in degraded sandy grasslands of eastern Inner Mongolia.

封育对退化沙质草地土壤种子库与地上群落结构的影响

Li F R , Zhao L Y , Wang S F

李锋瑞, 赵丽娅, 王树芳

对封育和未封育放牧草地土壤种子库、地上幼苗库和定植群落的结构特征进行了比较研究,并探讨了地上植被与土壤种子库密度的关系,主要结论是:1)对退化沙地实施封育措施后显著提高了地上植被与土壤种子库的密度和植物种数,特别是显著增加了地上与土壤种子库群落中优良禾草的种数与密度,草地质量得到很大改善.2)地上植被与土壤种子库对放牧干扰的响应模式不同,放牧对地上植被种丰富度的影响要明显大于土壤种子库,而对土壤种子库密度的影响又明显大于地上植被.3)由于放牧显著降低了地上植被与土壤种子库的共有种数,从而降低了地上植被与土壤种子库组成上的相似性.另外,封育和未封育草地在种子库组成上的相似性要高于地上植被组成上的相似性,提供了放牧更强烈地影响地上植被组成的重要佐证.4)回归分析显示,土壤种子库密度与地上早期幼苗库密度和后期定植群落密度以及幼苗库密度与定植群落密度之间均存在显著的正相关性,早期幼苗库密度的56%的变异可归结为土壤种子库密度的变异,而后期定植群落密度的77%的变异可由早期幼苗库密度的变异来解释.

... 71,相对于土壤种子库围封对地上植被的影响更为明显,这就说明外界的干扰(如放牧)对地上植被组成的影响要大于对种子库组成的影响^[43] ...